语言学资料

I. Fill in the blanks.

1. Human languages is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______it is associated with.

2. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at the moment of communication.This quality is labeled as______.

3. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the levels are composed of elements of the________level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

4. The features that define our human language can be called_______features.

5. The term____originates from Malinowski‟s study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders.It refers to the social interaction of language.

6. Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is,language has____,interpersonal and textual functions.

7. Our language can be used to talk about itself.This is the _______function of language. 8. Linguistics is usually defined as the _____study of language.

9. _____studies how the speech sounds are made,transmitted, and received, and _____studies the rules governing the structure,distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.

10. ____studies meaning in language, _____is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences , and______is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.

11. In Saussure‟s view,the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is ______.

12. ______ is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage,comprehension,production and acquisition of language; ______on the other hand,attempts to show the relationship between language and society.They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics. 13.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as_______and_________. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community,and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.

14. ______grammars attempt to well what is in the language, while_______grammars tell people what should be in the language .Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.

15. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ________ and performance.

16. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the______theory.

17. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______study. 18. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure‟s langue and Chomsky‟s________. II.Multiple Choices

1. Which of the following statement is NOT true? A. Language is a means of vocal communication. B. Language is a instrumental.

C. Language is social and conventional.

2.Which of the following is a NOT a frequently discussed design feature? A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality

3. By ________we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. A. arbitrariness B. duality C. creativity D. displacement 4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A.tree B.crash C.typewriter D.bang

5. The functions of the language do NOT include______. A.informative function B.interpersonal function C.metacognitive function

6. The most important sociological use of language is the _________function,by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.

A.performative B.interpersonal C.phatic D.metalingual

7. Saussure took a(n) ________view of language,while Chomsky looks at language from a _____point of view.

A.sociological...psychological B.psychological...sociological C.applied...pragmatic D.semantic...linguistic

8. According to F. de Saussure,_______refers to the abstract language system shared by all the members of a speech community.

A.parole B.performance C.langue D.Language

9. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with _____. A.articulatory phonetics B.acoustic phonetics C.auditory phonetics

10. Study the following dialogue.What function does it play according to the functions of language? --A nice day,isn‟t it?

--Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A.Emotive B.Phatic

C.Performative. D.Interpersonal

11. _______deals with language application to other fields,particularly education. A .Linguistc geography B.Sociolinguistics

C. Applied linguistics D.Comparative linguistics

12.Verbal dueling,the use of language for the sheer joy of using it,is mainly to do with the ________.function of language.

A. performative B. interpersonal C. informative D. recretional III. True or False

1. The phatic function refers to language function for establishing or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.

2. Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language.

3. “Competence”and “performance”are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure.

4. The concept competence originally refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situation.

5. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics ,because it can tell us how to

speak correct language.

6. By diachronic study we mean to study the change and development of language. 7.Onomatopoeic words are totally arbitrary. IV.Expiain the following terms 1.arbitrariness 2.duality

3.displacement 4.performative 5.parole

6.descriptive study of linguistics 7.langue

V.Short answer questions

1.Cite an example to explain synchronic linguistics.

2.How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication” represent the function of human language?

3.What are linguistic competence and communicative competence?

4.One of the design features of human language is creativity. What is it? And what makes it possible? 5.What is the directive function? VI.Essay questions

1. Linguistics is not the only field with language .Other disciplines such as sociology,psychology,ethnography are also preoccupied with language.

2. There are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view.They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written,and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar,and which grammar is prescriptive grammar?Cite some examples to give your reasons.

3. Saussure puts forward the concept of language and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs:langue and parole vs.competence and performance.

4. Examine the following two statements about language,and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.

(1) Sapir (1921:Language):“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”

(2) Bloch and Teager (1942:Outline of Linguistic Analysis):“A Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates.”

5. It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other.For example ,bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals‟ ways of communicating.

i. What is your view on this point?

ii. If you also think there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals‟ ways of communicating ,according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations .If you don‟t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals‟ ways of communicating ,please also defend your position ,Illustrate your points with examples if

necessary.

6. Why do we say linguistics is a science?

7. What are the three metafunctions of Systemic.Functional Grammar ?Illustrate each of them with specific examples.

Chapter II

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.The sound [b] can 0be described with“______,bilabial,stop”.

2.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of _______ and manner of articulation.

3._________ are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place yo divert,impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

4.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel,and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and ________ of articulation.

5.The sound [k] can be described with “voiceless,________, stop”.

6._________ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound. 7.Stress refers to the degree of _________ used in producing a syllable.

8.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/.This is an example for illustrating________.

9.In English there are a number of ________,which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.

10.The different members of a phoneme,sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning,are __________.

11.Phonetic similarity means that the _________ of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance. II.Multiple Choice

1.All syllables contain a _______.

A.nucleus B.coda C.onset

2.Of the three cavities._______is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.

A.nasal cavity B.pharynx cavity C.oral cavity

3.Of the consonants/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/,/m/,/z/and /g/,which has the features of voiceless and velar? A./k/ B./p/ C./g/ D./t/ 4.The consonant (s) in the word “smile” can be described as： A.voiceless oral alveolar fricative B.vioceless nasal bilabial liquid C.vioced oral alveolar plosive D.voiced oral bilabial fricative

5.The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of _______. A.manners of articulation B.place of articulation C.narrow transcription

7.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest,and explain the reason in ONE sentence.

A./f/ B./z/ C./Ʒ/ D./k/ 8.Which of the following is not a minimal pair?

A.(li:f) (fi:l) B.(sip) (zip) C.(sai) (sei) D.(keit) (feit) 9.In a syllable ,a vowel often serves as _________. A.Peak or Nucleus B.Onset C.Coda

10.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT

A.fricative B.lateral C.affricates D.bilabial

11.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.

A.usage B.grammar C.pronunciation D.structure 12.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A.[n] B.[m] C.[b] D.[p]

13.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A.Acoustic phonetics. B.Articulatory phonetics. C.Auditory phonetics D.Neither of them III.True or False

1.When the vocal folds are apart,the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.

2.Of the three cavities, larynx cavity is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.

3.English consonants can be classified into two categories :voiced and voiceless consonants.

4.Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage.

5.The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. 6.Uvular is made with the back of tongue and the uvula.

7.A syllable can be divided into two parts,the NUCLEUS and the CODA. 8.Auditory phonetics studies how sounds are perceived by the speaker,

9.The last sound of “top”can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive.These different realization of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.

10.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes.

11.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast,namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word,but merely different pronunciation.

IV.Explain the following terms. 1.Glottal Stop 2.Voiceless 3.Minimal pairs 4.Phoneme 5.Free variation 6.Assimilation

7.Suprasegmental features 8.Syllable

9.Complementary distributiong V.Short answer questions

1.What is acoustic phonetics?

2.What are the three parts of the vocal organs?

3.Give the phonetic for each of the following descriptions.

(1)the sound produced by the lower lip and the upper front teeth

(2)the sound produced with a complete closure in the mouth so that the air stream cannot escape through the mouth

4How are the vowels described usually？

5.What are suprasegmental features?How do the major suorasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?

6.What is assimilation? Is it similar to coarticulation?What does it inclde?

7.In the African language Manika,the affix,the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffixing in English ,has two phonetic forms,as shown in the data given below. You are required to (1)give the two phonetic forms of the affix; (2)Give the underlying form of the affix;

(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonetic forms,using the words [dumuni] “eating” and [sungoli] “sleeping”to illustrate the process of derivation.

bugo hit bugoli hitting dila repair dilali repairing don come donni coming dumu eat dumuni eating gwen chase gwenni chasing da lie down dali lying down famu know famuni konwing men hear menni hearing sungo sleep sungoli sleeping

8.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. Example:find- /fa in d/, beneath-/bi’ni:θ/ (1)corpora (2)sociologist (3)chef (4)debris (5)Nasal

(6)Embedding (7)Antonymy (8)Facial (9)annotated (10)phonetics

9.In English, the phoneme/p/is pronounced differently in words such as pat,spat or tap.Can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?

10.What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels? VI.Essay questions

1.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? 2.What are suprasegmental features?

3.In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.

Chapter III

I. Fill in the blanks.

1.The_______is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar,a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering,whether lexical or grammatical.

2.Some morphemes like-ish,-ness,-ly,-dis,trans-,un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words.These affixes are___morphemes.

3.There are two fields of morphology :the study of ________and the study of ________

4.________is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrealationship between phonology and morphology.

5.________is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example,the English word smog is made from _____and____.

6.An_______is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______is pronounced as a word. 7.Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _____ level. II. Multiple Choice

1.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. A.Polymorphemic words B.Bound morphemes C.Free morphemes

2._____refers ti the way in which a particular verb changes for tense,person ,or number. A.Affixation B.Inflection C.Derivation D.Conjugation 3.Compound words consist of____morphemes.

A.bound B.free C.both bound and free D.red-faced 4.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? A.WTO B.free C.both bound and free 5.Bound morphomes do not include_______.

A.roots B.prefixes C.suffixes D.words

6.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words:(table-tables,day+break-daybreak.) A.inflection and compound B.compound and derivation C.inflection and derivation

7. Point qut which item does not fall under the same category as the rest,and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(Focus on the type of word fornation) A. burgle B. fridge C. auto D. math

8. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed”in the word “learned” is known as a(n)________.

A. derivational morpheme B.free morpheme C.inflectional morpheme D.free form III. True or False

1.Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. 2.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure.

3.The words “loose” and “books”have a common phoneme and a cpmmon morpheme as well. 4.Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. 5.All words contain a root morpheme.

6.Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. 7..The word of “impossibility”contains four morphemes.

8. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. 9.All roots are free and all affixes are bound. IV. Explain the following terms. 1..morpheme

2.inflectional morpheme 3.free morphemes 4.bound morpheme 5.bound root

6.functional morpheme 7.inflection 8.allomorph 9.blending 10.acronym

V. Short answer questions

1.Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes. (1) rational (2) moral (3) regular (4) political (5) effective (6) human (7) relevant (8) legal

(9) proportionate (10) resistible

2.(a) List the „bound‟ morphemes to be fount in the following words: misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly

(b) In which of the following examples should the „a‟ be treated as a bound morpheme: a boy, apple, atypical，AWOL

3.In English， the suffix“-able” as in “X + able” means “able to be X-ed.” (1)Use an example to illustrate this rule. (2) What kind of words can function as “X”? (3) In words like “unthinkable,” the suffix –able means more than “able to be X-ed.” Think of TWO more words of this type. 4.What can this rule mean in English grammar? | D |→（-id）/(t)

5.What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes?

6.Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis. (1) gentlemanliness (2) unlockable VI. Essay questions

1.What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? 2.How are affixes classified?

3.In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?

4.Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.

Chapter IV

I. Fill in the blanks

1.IC is the short from of immediate __________ used in the study of syntax.

2._______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.

3.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _______ rules. Whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.

4.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed structure.

5.A is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.

6.The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentences is called . II.Multiple Choice

1.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand . A.how people produce and recognize possible sentences B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C.how words and phrases form sentences D.All of the above

2.Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is Analysis. A.Internal Component B.Innate Capacity

C.Internal Constituent D.Immediate Constituent 3.The criterion used in IC analysis is .

A.transformation B.conjoining C.grouping D.substitutability

4.In Halliday‟s view, the function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clause as a representation of experience.

A.ideational B.interpersonal C.textual D.social

5.The phrase “my small child ‟s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by _ tree diagrams.

A.one B.two C.three D.four 6.In English , and are often expressed by subject and predicate. A.theme and rhyme B.theme predicate

C.predicate and object D.subject and predicate III.Explain the following terms 1. IC analysis

2.Concord (or:Agreement) Immediate constituent Government 3.Paradigmatic relations 4.Syntax 5.Constituent 6.Logical subject

IV.Short answer questions

1.Distinguish between the two possible meanings of more beautiful flowers by means of IC analysis. 2.What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? 3.Please rephrase the following sentences,to disambiguate them . (1)Tom and Mary saw the mountains while they were flying over. (2)Old men and women are hard to live with. (3)They said she would go yesterday. (4)The governor is a dirty street fighter. (5)We deplore the shooting of the hunters.

4.Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences,using the tree-diagram,or any other means that you think is appropriate.

(1)Jane showed her baby pictures. (2)The old man is drinking in the air.

(3)We need more realistic officials to handle the economy. (4)We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street. (5)Tom exchanged the money and fell around the comer.

5.What is Halliday‟s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?

6.What are deep and surface structures?

7.In the following three sentences,the particle “up”stays in different positions ,i,e immediately after the verb ;in between the noun phrase and the relative clause ;and at the end of the sentence.Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle? (1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond. (2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond. (3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up. V.Essay Questions

1.Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) 2.Illustrate “Immediate Constituent Analysis”.

3.For each of the following pains of sentences,discuss how the two sentences are different form each other.

(1)A. His carelessness I can‟t bear. B.I can‟t bear his carelessness. (2)A. A dagger killed the tourist.

B. The tourist was killed with a dagger. (3)A. A hurricane killed eight people. B. Eight people died in a hurricane.

4.Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the questions “Does John like the book?”

5.What ,in your view,makes a text a text,rather than a series of unconnected utterances?What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?）

6.The English sentences given below are ungrammatical.You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences. （1）*Jack put his ball.

（2）*I wonder Michael walked the dog.

(3) *Frank thinks himself is a superstar.

7.What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?

Chapter V

1. Fill in the blanks.

1. According to G Leech , meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to , over and above its purely conceptual content.

2. According to G Leech , meaning refers to logic , cognitive , or denotative content. 3. According to G .Leech , meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer .

4. Terms like “apple” , “banana” and “peal” are of the term “fruit” .

5. “X buys something from Y ” and “Y sells something to X” are in a relation of . 6. “Mary gave a book to Jack” is synonymous with “Jack a book from Mary . ” 7. =PARANT( x , y ) & MALE ( x ). 8. =CHILD ( x , y ) & MALE ( x ).

9. Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and . 10. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called . II .Multiple Choice

1. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest .( Focus on connotation )

A . corpulent B . statesman C . slim D . decease

2 . Deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience .

A . Reference B . Concept C . Semantics D . Sense 3 . Which of the following is NOT included in G .Leech‟s seven types of meaning ? A . Connotative meaning B . Denotative meaning C . Conceptual meaning

4 . Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest . ( Focus on the type of semantic relation )

A . school/college B . move/run C . furniture/table D . mature/ripe

5 . Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest . ( Focus on the type of semantic opposition )

A . wake-asleep B . inside-outside C . teacher-student D . right-left

6 . There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized , sameness relation , oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation . There are represented by respectively . A . synonymy , antonymy , and hyponymy B . synonymy , hyponymy , and antonymy C . antonymy , synonymy , and hyponymy

7 . By componential analysis , BECOME ( x , ( ~ ALIVE ( x ))) is an explanation of A .die B . dead C . kill D . killed

8 . The sense relationship between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is .

A . synonymy B . antonymy C . entailment

9 . Conceptual meaning is not A . affective B . cognitive C . logic D . denotative

10 . The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word A . is interpreted through the mediation of concept B . is related to the thing it refers to

C . is the idea associated with that word “ in the minds of speakers ” D . is the image it is represented in the mind

11 . Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or which can not be determined by the context

A . homonymy B . antonymy C . meronymy D . synonymy III . True or false

1 . In the sentence “ Money is often said to be the root of all evil” , “ root ” is used in its conceptual meaning .

2 . After comparing “ They stopped at the end of the corridor .” with “ At the end of the corridor , they stopped .” , you may find some difference in meaning , and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.

3 . Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of “ reference” .

4 . When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual , the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker‟s meaning , or contextual meaning . 5 . Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices .

6 . Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct . 7 . “ Tulip” , “ rose ” and “ violet ” are all included in the notion of “ flower ” , Therefore they are superordinates of “ flower ” .

8 . Sense is regarded as a kind of intralinguistic relationship .

9 . All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have senses . IV . Explain the following terms . 1 . Semantic Triangle 2 . Gradable antonym 3 . Semantic feature 4 . Componential analysis 5 . Entailment 6 . Presupposition

V . Short answer questions

1 . What is conceptual meaning ? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified Leech ?

2 . Explain the notion of hyponym .

3 . How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences , using semantic features? ( a ) The television drank my water ( b ) His dog writes poetry 4 . What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says : ( a ) Where did he buy the beer? ( b ) Your watch is broken .

5 . Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair :

( 1 ) a . He no longer likes coffee b . He liked coffee.

( 2 ) a . Mary is working in China b . Mary is working in Beijing

6 . In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features ? 7 . Are utterances , sentences , and propositions the same ? 8 . Do you think there are true synonyms in English ? Why ? VI . Essay questions

1 .Explain the seven types of meaning and use example to illustrate your ideas .

2 . Discuss sense , denotation and reference , using Chinese examples to illustrate your points . 3 . Words are in different sense relations with each other .What sense relation is illustrated in of the pairs of words below ? Add one more example to each pair . ( a ) casual - informal ( b ) intelligent - stupid ( c ) steal - steel ( d ) animal - dog

4 . For each of the following pairs of words , state the principal reason why they may not be consid ered to be synonyms :

a . man boy b . Toilet loo c . Determined stubborn d . pavement sidewalk e . Slim skinny f . Move run

5 . Put the following words in a hierarchical order ( you can use a tree diagram if need be ) and try to define at least two of them :

Crocodile , mammal , reptile , rabbit , primate , animal

6 . Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow . “ Take some more tea .” the March Hare said to Alice , very earnestly .

“ I‟ve had nothing yet ,” Alice replied in an offended tone , “ so I can‟t take more .” ( 1 ) Why was Alice offended ?

( 2 ) What is the problem with the March Hare‟s remark ? What is the linguistic issue involved here ? 7 . Consider the following statements . When do we say Statement . When do we say Statement A entails Statement B ? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B ? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C ? Why ? Do Statement A and D both presuppose Statement B ? Why ? A . Jack‟s brother has gone bankrupt . B . Jack‟s has a brother .

C . Jack‟s sibling has gone bankrupt D . Jack‟s brother has not gone bankrupt

8 . In each of the following sentences , the second part cancels some information given by the first part . However , this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group ( 1 ) and in very awkward utterances in group ( 2 ) . Explain why . Group ( 1 )

A . 老张有三个小孩，其实还不止三个。

B . 我只喜欢黄色和蓝色，不过试试红色也未尝不可。 C . 约翰的普通话说得还可以，确切地说是非常棒。 Group （ 2 ）

* d . 我特后悔选修了这门课，其实我没有选修这门课。 * e . 她这次考试又不及格，不过她上次及格了。

*f . 我在乡下日子过得很苦，说真的我没在乡下待过。

9 . The following four sentences present four different usages of the word . Please discuss the

distinctions and connections among the four usages , illustrating your points with your own examples

where necessary .

1 )不过两年，君必无患。

2 )他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。 3 )这是个乖巧不过的孩子。

4 )我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。 10 . Comment on the following observation in about 150 words . “ The meaning of a words is not an unanalysable whole .”

Chapter IV

I. Fill in the blanks .

1. A perlocutionary art is the act performed by or resulting from saying something ; it is the __________ of , or the __________ the utterance .

2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult ” , the sentence would have an __________ force .

3. There has been a maxim in __________ which claims that “ You are what you say . ” 4. The theory of in following conversational implicature was proposed by __________ . 5. Y‟s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________ . X : Who was that you were with last night ?

Y : Did you know that you were wearing odd socks ?

6. Promising ,undertaking , vowing are the most typical of the ________. II. Multiple Choice

1. The speech act theory was developed by __________.

A. John Searle B. John Austin C. Levinson D. Leech

2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest . (Focus on the type of illocutionary act )

A. Threaten B. Advise C. Beseech D. Urge 3. __________ is using a sentence to perform a function .

A. A perlocutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A locutionary act D. Speech act

4. By saying “ You have left the door wide open ,” a speaker might be performing the three acts : locutionary , illocutionary and perlocutionary __________.

A. At the same time B. One after another

C. Two first and then the other D .One first and then other two 5. The Illocutionary Act was developed by __________ .

A. John Austin B. Levinson C. John Lyons D. John Searle

6. According to the conversation maxim of __________ suggested by Grice , one should speak truthfully .

A. Quantity B. Quality C. Relevance D. Manner

7. Which of the following is NOT one of four maxims the Cooperative Principle ? A. The maxim of quantity B. The maxim of quality C. The maxim of manner D. The maxim of strength III. True or false

1. A speaker flouts the Maxim of quantity when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful . 2. The co-operative principle was proposed by Grice .

3. When performing an illocutionary act of representative , the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true .

4. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context , pragmatics can also be considered as a kind of meaning study .

5. Inviting , suggesting , warning , ordering are instances of commissives , IV. Explain the following terms .

1. Locutionary Act ,Illocutinary Act and perlocutionary Act

2. How would you describe this short exchange in terms of ardors performed by the speakers ? Motorist : My car needs new exhaust system . Mechanic : I‟ll be busy with other car all day .

3. Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning , or “ 言外之意 ” in chinese .

4. Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn.

(1) A: Can you tell me the secret ? B: But John is there .

(2) A: Let‟s go to the movies . B: I‟ll bring the Kleenex .

(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes ?

B:I wouldn‟t drive ANY expensive car .

5. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue ? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle .

A: When is the bus coming ?

B: There has been an accident further up the road .

6. Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice‟s Cooperative Principle . A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you ?

B: I often hear classical music , especially ,the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony NO.9 is my favorite .

7. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations ? VI. Essay questions

1. When a teacher says “ it‟s so hot in here ” during a class ,what does she probably mean ? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation .

2. A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin‟s Speech Act theory . What are they ? Analyze the following conversations in the light of Speech Act theory . Customer : Waiter ! There‟s a fly in my soup . Waiter : Don‟t worry , there‟s no extra charge.

3 . Explain speech act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each . 4 . Discuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle . a . I think he was married and had a lioness at home . b. A : What do you intend to do ? B : I have a terrible headache c . A : Where‟ve you been ? B . Out

5 . Discuss the following advertisement extensively : “ 你不理财，财不理你” .

6 . Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other . The first said “ 哎，几点了？” and the second said

“不好意思，打扰一下，请问您戴表了吗？”

What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in there two ways and why would you make them ？

7 . What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue？ Define，analyze and explain the phenomenon .

甲：上车请买票。 乙：三张天安门。 甲：您拿好。