英语阅读理解题型分析

主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高，因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title，subject，main idea，topic，theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：

What is the main idea of the passage?

Which of the following would be the best title?

What's the best title for the passage?

The main idea of the passage is that _____.

This passage tells us _____.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

What does the passage mainly discuss?

做这类题时常用略读法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去过分注意细节事实，否则会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是，快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首，有时也放在段尾或段落中间，有时不明确写出，通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来，一般就能得出文章主题。

就整篇文章来讲，首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。

Passage A In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's degree. Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.

One type of test is sometimes called an “objective” test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly.

2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that_________.

A. workers now take examination

B. the population has grown

C. there are only written exams

D. examinations are now written and timed

【答案】D.第三段一开始就谈到“一般来讲,现在的考试都是笔试；”随后又谈到“所有的考生在一个房间,规定时间,有监考老师。”所以D是正确答案。

细节题由主要事实和细节题组成，就是我们平时所说的由who ，what ，where ，when ， why ，which ，how引出的问题。这是极为常见的阅读理解题。这类题主要是针对论证支持主题的事实或例证设题，可能涉及数学计算、概念理解以及是非判断等。

这类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行细读，找出问题答案。这类题提问的形式多种多样，常见的有以下几种：

Which of the following （statements） is Not mentioned in the passage?

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

According to the passage, all of the following are true except _____ .

How many…?

What…?

Why…?

解这类题时，审题是关键，首先一定得看清问题。比如一句结论性的话后边到底是…is true，还是is not true.另外，由于细节题比较容易，有时为了增加测试难度，命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案。

Passage A On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.

It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to

Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked, \"I have failed again.\" On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, \"That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed.

\"Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.

Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.

11. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln was_________.

A. very critical

B. unpopular

C. very popular

D. very courteous

【答案】B.答案可以在第一段的第四句话找到：\"He was not at all popular.\"此题干扰项为A.\"critical\"指\"挑剔的，苛刻的\"。not at all popular=unpopular.

12. Lincoln was invited to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery because he was _______

A. a famous speaker

B. a very handsome man

C. president of the country

D. a popular statesman

【答案】C.答案在第一段\"He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness.\"当时林肯一点也不受欢迎，他被邀请去演讲仅仅上出于礼貌。\"因为他是总统。

14. It was a fact that Lincoln's speech was _________.

A. an immediate success

B. warmly applauded

C. a total failure

D. not well-received at first

【答案】D.答案可以在文章的第二段找到。\"At the end there was little applause.\"最后几乎没有什么掌声。所以他的演讲开始没有被大家接受，D为正确答案。A，B，C均不符合文章的内容。

15. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage？

A. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.

B. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is simple in style.

C. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American school child.

D. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United Stats.

【答案】D.答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到。\"他的演讲含义深刻、风格简朴；如今美国所有的在校的学生都能背诵他的演讲；\"文章又谈到：\"现在所有的人都认为他的演讲是美国历史上最好的演讲之一。\"而不是美国最好的演讲。所以D是错误的。

推理性试题大多含有infer ，imply ，suggest ，conclude，（most）probably等关键词。以下是一些常见的提问方式：

It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

The passage implies that _____.

The passage suggests that _____.

What is implied in the passage？

The paragraph following（proceeding）this passage probably will discuss （discusses）_____.

推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案。解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义。对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析，摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合推理，选定答案。

我们先以上文所引试题中的与林肯有关的阅读理解文章为例。

13. It can be inferred from the text that_________.

A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg

B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't have much time to prepare his speech

C. Lincoln's speech was full of rich words

D. Lincoln's speech was very long

【答案】B.推断题。答案在文章的第二段的开始可以找到。“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night， alone in his hotel room and tired out， he again worked briefly on the speech.\"“据说林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火车上准备他的演讲的。那天深夜，在宾馆的房间里，他既孤独又疲倦，只是简单准备了一下。\"所以通过这些句子我们可以判断林肯非常的忙，没有更多的时间准备他的演讲，B是正确答案。A，C，D，均不符合文章的内容。

Passage A Advertisement can be thought of “as the means of making known

in order to buy or sell goods or services\". Advertisement aims to increase people's awareness and arouse interest. It tries to inform and to persuade. The media are all used to spread the message. The press offers a fairly cheap method, and magazines are used to reach special sections of the market. The cinema and commercial radio are useful for local market. Television, although more expensive, can be very effective. Public notices are fairly cheap and more permanent in their power of attraction. Other ways of increasing consumer interest are through exhibitions and trade fairs as well as direct mail advertisement.

There can be no doubt that the growth in advertisement is one of the most striking features of the western world in this century. Many businesses such as those handling frozen foods, liquor, tobacco and medicines have been built up largely by advertisement.

We might ask whether the cost of advertisement is paid for by the producer or by the customer. Since advertisement forms part of the cost of production, which has to be covered by the selling price, it is clear that it is the customer who pays for advertisement. However, if large scale advertisement leads to increased demand, production costs are reduced, and the customer pays less.

It is difficult to measure exactly the influence of advertisement on sales. When the market is growing, advertisement helps to increase demand. When the market is shrinking, advertisement may prevent a bigger fall in sales than would occur without its support. What is clear is that businesses would not pay large sums for advertisement if they were not convinced of its value to them.

5. From the last sentence of this passage we conclude that _________

A. businesses usually do not pay much for advertisement

B. businessmen know well that advertisement could bring them more profits

C. advertisement could hardly convince people of the value of the goods

D. advertisement usually cost businesses large amounts of money

【答案】B。推断题。文章最后一句话的意思是“很明显，如果商家对产品的利润没有把握的话，是不会花很多钱投资广告的。\"反过来说，商家非常清楚广告会给他带来更大的利润。因此B是正确答案。

词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子，往往不为考生所熟悉，但又能在文中找到线索进行推测，所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。

这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种：

The word\"…\"in line 5 refers to………

The word\"…\"（Line 6. para.2） most probably means _____.

By\"…\

The word\"…\"could best be replaced by which of the following?

Which of the following is nearest in meaning to\"…\"?

In para.2, the sentence \"…\"probably means\"…\".

解答这类试题时，考生应首先明白，任何词或词语都不是孤立的，它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。某个定义、解释、甚至标点符号、关联词都可以帮助考生推测一些词或词语的意义，除此之外，我们还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义、反义、并列和指代等关系。

In choosing a career you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest. Nothing is more pathetic than taking on a job in which you have no interest, for it will not only discourage your desire to succeed in life but also ruin your talents and ultimately make you an emotional wreck （受到严重伤害的人） and a bitter person.

15. The word \"pathetic\" in Paragraph 2 most probably means____.

A. splendid B. miserable C. disgusted D. touching

【答案】B，词汇题。根据\"than taking on a job in which you have no interest.\"我们可以推断pathetic应该是表示贬义，因此答案只能从B和C中选择；其次，根据后面的两个动词\"discourage\"和\"ruin\"我们就确定了答案B.\"pathetic\"此处为\"糟糕的，差劲的\"之意。

If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believed that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep！

2. The word \"drowsy\" in the last paragraph means____.

A. sick B. stand up C. asleep D. a little sleepy

【答案】D，词汇题。根据上下文，如果你难以入睡，有人建议你做缓慢的深呼吸；有人认为喝热牛奶能过帮助你入睡。因此答案应该从C和D中进行二选一。\"asleep\"指的是\"睡着了\"而\"sleepy\"是指的\"欲睡的，困乏的\"。最后确定答案为D.

作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有：

The author seems _____.

The author‘s tone in this passage is _____.

The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.

The author’s intention in writing the passage is to _____.

The writer probably feels that _____.

In the author‘s opinion, _____.

这类考题中，询问语气态度的题，选择项里常出现以下一些重要的词：

sympathetic同情的，enthusiastic热情的，delighted愉快的，satisfied满意的，friendly友好的，agreeing赞同的， optimistic乐观的；

objective客观的，matter-of-fact实事求是的，neutral中立的；

subjective主观的，indifferent冷淡的，critical批评的，doubtful怀疑的，disappointed失望的，sad悲伤的，hostile敌对的，disagreeing反对的，pessimistic悲观的。

询问写作目的的题，选择项里常出现的词是：

explain解释；persuade劝说；comment评论；criticize批评；interest引起…的注意或兴趣；entertain使欢乐；argue辩论；demonstrate举例说明，示范；tell讲述；prove证明；urge激动；advise劝告；analyze分析；praise赞扬，view看待，等等。

Passage A

A youngster's social development has a profound effect on his academic progress Kids who have trouble getting along with their classmates can end up behind academically as well and have a higher chance of dropping out（退学）. In the early grades especially, experts say, youngsters should be encouraged to work in groups rather than individually so that teachers can spot children who may be

having problems making friends.“When children work on a project”,says Lillian Kate, an educational professor at the University &Illinois,“they learn to work together, to disagree, to think, to take turns and lighten tensions. These skills can't be learned through lecture. We all know people who have wonderful technical skills but don't have any social skills. Relationships should be the first.

At a certain age,children are also learning to judge themselves in relation to others. For most children, school marks the first time that their goals are not set by an internal clock but by the outside world. Just as the 1-year-old struggles to walk, the 6-year-old is struggling to meet adult expectations. ”Young kids don't know how to distinguish early-childhood education for the state of New Jersey.“ If they try hard to do something and fail they may conclude that they will never be able to accomplish a particular task”.\"The effects of serious”, says Hills,“a child who has had his confidence really damaged needs a rescue operation”。

4. Which of the following is most unlikely for the author to do？

A. To talk to the students who have mental problems.

B. To help students develop a feeling of self-respect.

C. To keep a student from playing alone.

D. To announce a student‘s scores in public.

【答案】D.答案在第二段最后一句话：“The effects of obvious methods of comparison such as posting grades can be serious. A child who has had his confidence really damaged needs a rescue operation.”明显的对比分数的做法的后果是相当严重的。自尊心受到伤害的学生需要医治。因此作者最不愿做的事情是公开学生的成绩。D为正确答案。