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2016国际年度单词:后真相(Post-truth)

来源:华佗小知识

16 November 2016, Oxford, UK: Today, Oxford Dictionaries announces post-truth as its 2016 international Word of the Year[1].
2016年11月16日,英国牛津:今天,牛津字典宣布后真相为其2016年国际年度词[1]。

*post-truth *– an adjective defined as ‘relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief’.
后真相 - 形容词,定义为“涉及或指出客观事实对引导舆论的影响力低于对情感或个人信仰的号召力的现象。”

The compound word post-truth exemplifies an expansion in the meaning of the prefix post- that has become increasingly prominent in recent years. Rather than simply referring to the time after a specified situation or event – as in post-war or post-match – the prefix in post-truth has a meaning more like ‘belonging to a time in which the specified concept has become unimportant or irrelevant’. This nuance seems to have originated in the mid-20th century, in formations such as post-national (1945) and post-racial (1971).
后真相是对带前缀“后-”的复合词在含义上的扩展,在近年来越多越突出。它不是简单地指某一情况或事件之后的时间(如“战后”或“赛后”),后真相的前缀具有倾向于“特定概念变得不重要或不相关的时间”的含义。这一细微差别似乎起源于20世纪中叶,例如后民族(1945年)和后种族(1971年)。(注:即民族或种族的概念显得不太重要。)

Why was this chosen?

为什么选这个词?

The concept of post-truth has been in existence for the past decade, but Oxford Dictionaries has seen a spike in frequency this year in the context of the EU referendum in the United Kingdom and the presidential election in the United States. It has also become associated with a particular noun, in the phrase post-truth politics.
后真相的概念已有十年历史,但牛津词典注意到它在今年的英国欧盟公民投票和美国总统选举的背景下出现使用峰值。它也与一个特定的名词相关联,即使用在“后真相政治”[2]的短语中。

The Shortlist

入选单词[3]

alt-right: (in the US) an ideological grouping associated with extreme conservative or reactionary viewpoints, characterized by a rejection of mainstream politics and by the use of online media to disseminate deliberately controversial content. 
极端右翼(注:建议的翻译):名词,(在美国)指意识形态极为保守或观点激进的群体,常被排挤在主流政治之外,利用网上平台蓄意散播有争议的内容。

Alt-right 的例句如,The Breitbart alt-right just took over the GOP,Breitbart是博客网站,这里是评论史蒂芬·班农(Stephen Bannon),该人推崇白人优越主义,常发表种族歧视、性别歧视和反犹太文章,得到3K党支持[4]。他将出任总统首席策略师兼高级顾问。)

glass cliff: used with reference to a situation in which a woman or member of a minority group ascends to a leadership position in challenging circumstances where the risk of failure is high.
玻璃悬崖:用于形容当女性或少数族群的成员提升至领袖位置时,处于艰难的失败风险极高的情况。

例如,纽约时报曾有个新闻标题:‘Glass Cliff,’ Not Just Ceiling, Often Impedes Women Rising in Politics。

woke: an adjective referring to becoming alert to injustice in society, especially racism.
觉醒:形容词,指对社会的不平等,尤其是种族歧视,变得警惕。
这个词语起源于黑人俚语,用黑人说话的语调说"Bro, I was sleeping, but now I'm woke.” 现在用法偏向于对社会不公的警觉,比如“stay woke”。

adulting: the practice of behaving in a way characteristic of a responsible adult, especially the accomplishment of mundane but necessary tasks.
成人行为:名词,以负责任的成年人的方式行事,特别是完成普通但必要的任务。
例如,Adulting: how to become a grown-up.

chatbot: a computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially over the Internet.
聊天机器人:名词,旨在模拟与人类交谈的计算机程序,特别是通过互联网的交谈。

文章出处注明:

「後真相政治」是「事實勝於雄辯」的相反,即是「雄辯勝於事實」,意見重於事實,立場決定是非,人們把情感和感覺放在首位,證據、事實和真相淪為次要,政治人物說謊不再是為了瞞騙,而是鞏固目標群眾的偏見,換取共鳴與支持。

例如在英國歐盟公民競選活動期間,支持脫歐的組織「投票脫離」(The Vote Leave)重複地使用歐盟成員國每週花費3.5億英鎊的說法,然而因由這個數字忽視了英國退稅和其他因素,而使英國統計局(UK Statistics Authority)稱之為「潛在的誤導」,財政研究所(Institute for Fiscal Studies)則批評其「不明智」,一些如第四台新聞及英國廣播公司新聞的媒體也棄之不用。盡管如此,「投票脫離」依然繼續使用這些數據,導致英國保守黨黨員莎拉·沃拉斯頓(Sarah Wollaston)等原本的組織支持者離去,抗議該組織的「後真理政治」。

2016年8月15日,美國前紐約市市長、唐納德·川普的支持者魯迪·朱利安尼(Rudy Giuliani)在一場演講中說,在美國總統奧巴馬上任八年前「沒有一單成功的伊斯蘭恐怖襲擊」在美國發生。然而2001年9月11日的九一一襲擊事件正正是發生在朱利安尼任職紐約市長期間,德國報章時代週報“Die Zeit”發表評論指出:「任何人都可以輕易出看出他(朱利安尼)在說謊,就算是為他拍掌的人也知道那只是一個謊言,但是他們對此並不在乎。」顯然朱利亞尼和他的聽眾並不重視事實真相,而他的聽眾明顯會「感到一切事情, 包括恐怖事件自奧巴馬上任以來都變得更糟糕了」