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定语从句中只能使用that的情况

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定语从句中只能使用that的情况

1.当先行词为anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时,只能使用“that”。例:Is

there anything that I can do for you?我能给你做点什么吗?

2.当先行词为all,any,much,many词时,只能使用“that”。例:Tom told her mother

all that had happened.汤姆把事情的全部情况告诉了他的妈妈。

3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,只能使用“that”。例:This is the

most wonderful time that I have ever had. 这是我度过的最美好的时光。

4.当先行词是序数词修饰时,只能使用“that”。例:He was the first person that passed

the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。

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5.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时,只能使用“that”。例:1.This will be the last chance that he can get.这将会是他得到的唯一机会。2.He is

the only person that can help you out. 他是唯一能帮你的人。

6.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能使用“that”。例:They talked of things and persons

that they remembered in the school. 他们谈论他们记得的有关学校的事和人。

7.当主句是以who,which 开头的特殊疑问句或先行词是who时,只能使用“that”。例:Which is the book that he bought from the library yesterday? 哪本是你们昨天从图

书馆借的书?

2008年12月9日第112期英语语法讲解:anyone/any one;no one/none;

every/each

语法, every, none, anyone, 英语英语, anyone, none, every, 语法

1.anyone 和 any one

anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

2.no one 和none

a) none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。

b) none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。

None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?

---- No one. --没有。

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3.every 和each

1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。

Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。

Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。 2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。

3) every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。

5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。 6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。

Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。

2008年12月1日第104期英语语法讲解:too„to 用法 英语, 语法, 用法, 讲解英语, 语法, 用法, 讲解

1. too„to 太„以至于„ He is too tired to work. 他太累了,不能继续工作。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you

all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2. 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定, too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,

意 为\"不太\"。

It's never too late to mend. (谚语)

改过不嫌晚。

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3. 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常„ 等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

2008年9月22日第34期英语语法讲解:形容词副词用法专题精讲 英语, 副词, 形容词, 语法, 用法英语, 副词, 形容词, 语法, 用法

对形容词的考查涉及形容词原级,比较级和最高级的各种句型、形容词作定语的位置、易混淆的形容词用法辨析等。其中,形容词比较等级句型、形容词修饰不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing时的位置,易混淆的形容词用法辨析等是考查的热点。

一、形容词的一般用法

1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。 例如,It’s a cold and windy day. 2.作表语,放在系动词的后面。 例如,He looks happy today.

3.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放

在其后。

例如,Would you like something hot to drink?

4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。 例如,How long is the river? It’s about two hundred metres long. 5.只能作表语的形容词:afraid害怕;alone独自的;asleep睡着的;awake醒着的;

alive活着的;well健康的;ill病的;frightened害怕的

例如,The man is ill.(正) The ill man is my uncle.(误)

6.只能作定语的形容词:little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;

elder年长的

例如,My elder brother is in Beijing.(正)

My brother is elder. (误)

7.貌似副词的形容词:lonely独自的;friendly友好的;lively生动的;lovely可爱

8.复合形容词:snow-white雪白的 English-speaking说英语的;glass-topped玻璃罩的;full-time全日制的;well-known众所周知的;kind-hearted善良的;man-made人

造的;take-away可以带走的;ten-year-old十岁的。

二、多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:

限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)——描绘词(大小,长短,形状,

新旧,长幼,颜色)——出处——材料性质——类别——名词

A small round table一张小圆桌

A tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物 A dirty old black shirt一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣 A famous American medical school一个非常著名的美国医学院

三、形容词常用句型

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1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。

注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good(好的),kind(友善的),nice(友好的),polite(有礼貌的),clever(聪明的),foolish(愚蠢的),lazy(懒惰

的),careful(细心的),careless(粗心的),right(正确的),wrong(错误的)等。 例如,It’s very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)你能

帮助我,真好。

It’s very rude of her to say such words.(=She is very rude to say such words.)

她说这样的话,真粗鲁。

It’s foolish of him to go alone.(=He is foolish to go alone.)他单独出去太傻

了。

2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。 注意:这一句型中常用的形容词有important(重要的),necessary(必要的),difficult(困难的),easy(容易的),hard(艰难的),dangerous(危险的),safe(安全的),useful(有益的),pleasant(舒适的),interesting(有趣的),impossible(不可能的)等。 例如,It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.(=To learn a foreign

language is not easy for them.)对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。

It’s very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=To listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课认真听老师

讲课是非常重要的。

It’s necessary for us to get to school on time.(=To get to school on time is

necessary for us.)对于我们来说按时到校是非常必要的。

3.表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad(高兴的),pleased(高兴的),sad(忧伤的),

thankful(感激的)等常接不定式。

例如,Glad to see you.见到你非常高兴。

I’m very sad to hear the bad news.听到这个坏新闻,我非常难过。

4.表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一

定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。

例如,Lei Feng is always ready to help others.雷锋总是乐于助人。

He is sure to get to school on time.他一定会按时到校。

2009年2月10日第159期英语语法讲解:able,capable 英语, capable, 语法, 讲解英语, capable, 语法, 讲解

able,capable

这一对词都是形容词,又都含有“能够”、“能干”之意,但涵义和使用场合有所不同,大致有如下几点区别:

(一)在用作定语表示“能干的”意味时,able所描述的范围较概括,capable所描述的范围较专注,因为前者指某人聪明能干,有多才多艺的概括涵义;后者仅指具有应付某一特指工作要求的能力。例: She is an able teacher 她是个能干的教师。 She is a capable teacher. 她是个能胜任工作的教师。

(二)able指“能够”,是一时之现象;capable常用以指“能力”,是经常的现象。如: I shall not be able to come to the office tomorrow.

明天我不能到办公室来(指由于某种原因而暂时不能来)。

She is incapable of manual labour.

她不能从事体力劳动(指由于某种长期或经常的原因,例如患病而不能劳动)。

(三)指某人能作某事时,able之后接动词不定式,capable之后接介词of.例如: We are able to get back to town before dark. 我们能够天黑之前赶回市区。

They are not capable of doing the work. 他们没有能力做这件工作。

(四)capable除表示“有能力的”意味外,还可用以表示“有可能的”涵义,able则没有这个用法。如:

The situation is capable of improvement.

此情况有可能好转。

That oil tanker is capable of being restored. 那艘油轮有可能修好。

请注意,下列句中的able是用错了,应改为capable: This book is able to be translated.(错)

This book is capable of being translated.(对) That law is able to be evaded.(错)

That law is capable of being evaded.(对)

(五) able 一般用作正面意义,指好人好事;capable 则是中性词,既可指好事,亦可指坏事,例如在下例中,capable of anything是表示“任何坏事都做得出来”之意: That guy is capable of anything! 那家伙什么勾当都会干得出来!

(六) able的反义词是unable;capable的反义词是incapable.另一点值得注意的是,able的名词是 ability,义:“能力”(the power to do);capable的名词是capability 或 capacity,前者义:“具有从事某事的能力”;后者义:“容量”或“受容力”。需要在此指出的是,ability是可以通过练习或锻炼获得的,而capability则是固有的能力,它与练习或锻炼无关。通过下列例句的对比,我们不难区分其义蕴: I do not doubt his ability to do the work.

He has the capability to benefit from university education.

第一句的ability是指通过训练或工作磨炼而获得的“能力”;第二句的capability是指天赋之才,与后天无关。

2008年9月26日第38期英语语法讲解:动词不定式 动词, 英语, 语法, 讲解英语, 动词, 语法, 讲解

1 不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式

The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2) 动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式

I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。

3) 动词+疑问词+ to

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意

疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。如:The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2. 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.

典型例题

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying

答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.

A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented

答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。 3) to be +形容词

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

3. 不定式作主语

1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。 It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要

的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。

It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

注意

1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。

3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。 for 与of 的辨别方法

用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。He is hard. (人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)

4. 不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如: My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor.

5. 不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如: I have a lot of work to do.

So he made some candles to give light.

6. 不定式作状语 1) 目的状语

To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2) 作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you.

典型例题

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on

答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于\"形容词+动词不定式\"结构的末尾。 用作介词的to

to 有两种用法:一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+ 名词/动名词:admit to承认,confess to承认,be accustomed to 习惯于,be used to 习惯于,stick to 坚持,turn to开始,着手于,devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意

省to 的动词不定式

1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外,ought to):

2) 使役动词 let, have, make:

3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。

注意

在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night. 4) would rather,had better:

5) Why… / why not…:

6) help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:

7) but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。 8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:

9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be:He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。举例:He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

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1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going

答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。 2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.

A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning

答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。

动词不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window„

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。

典型例题

1) Tell him ___ the window.

A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.

2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.

A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案:A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。

3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.

A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词

never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.

A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不

定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。

5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating

答案:C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to

do。

不定式的特殊句型too„to„ 1) too„to 太„以至于„

He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。

---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all

the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定, too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,

意 为\"不太\"。

It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。 3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常„ 等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to

1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默

是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。

2) so kind as to ---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not

\"Why not +动词原形\"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:\"为什么不„„?\" \"干吗不„„?\"

例如:Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?

2008年9月15日第27期英语语法讲解:“as...as...”的结构的理解和翻译

英语, 语法, 结构, 讲解, 翻译英语, 语法, 结构, 讲解, 翻译

“ as …… as …… ”是大家熟悉的一种结构,常译为“像……一样”。但在实际应用中,会有例外。如:

Anti-virus software plays one, albeit important, part in the defense of your company from malicious attack but the security of your computer system is only as strong as the weakest link. And that,more often than not,is the human factor.

在这里,将 as …… as …… 译为“像……一样”,显然是行不通的。如何解决这一问题?我们可以从 as …… as …… 的结构入手,分析一下它的用法。

1. 当主语是同一性质的事物比较时, as …… as …… 解释为“同……一样” 例: John is as bright as Bob. 约翰和鲍博一样聪明。

2. 当 as …… as …… 结构的主语相同,而比较项目不同,即把同一事物两种不同性质的方面等同比较时,相当于 both …… and …… ,可译为“既……又……” 例: He is as brave as wise. 他既勇敢又聪明。

She is as gifted as diligent. 她不但有天赋,而且勤奋。

根据以上讨论,我们可以将上面一个句子译为:“杀毒软件的作用固然重要,但在保护公司不受恶意攻击的战斗中,只能起一定的作用。公司的计算机系统安全与否,恰恰系于一个既薄弱又牢固的环节,而这个环节往往取决于人。”

除此以外, as …… as…… 还有以下几种用法:

1. as …… as …… 结构的两个主语和两个比较项目都不同,即把两个不同的人和物在不同的方面比较时,相当于 whereas ,可译为“而”。 例:He was as experienced as his brother was green. 他经验丰富,而他的弟弟则涉世未深。 The prisons are as over-crowded as the farmlands are empty. 监狱里人满为患,而地里却无人耕作。

2. 当 as …… as …… 的结构后面连接 can / any / ever / possible / 等词时,表示最高级的意思,可译为“极其,最好或尽量”。

例:He is as wrong as wrong can be. 他大错特错了。 This is as fair a land as ever. 这是一片最美的土地。

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3. 当 as „„ as „„ 结构后面表示重量、数量、时间、距离等计量名词时,相当于 up

to ,表示程度,可译为“达到„„”。

例:The river is as deep as 10 meters. 此河深达 10 米。

At night, the temperature on the moon may be as low as -160 ℃ . 在夜晚,月

球的温度可能低至零下 160 度。

as „„ as „„ 结构还有一些固定搭配的词组,其中意思也难于从字面上猜测,如 as good as 简直是 / 几乎等于, as soon as not 更愿意, as likely as not 很可能, as

often as not 往往 / 常常,这些需要平时多加积累和注意。

climate,weather

这两个词的词义有细微的差异,使用场合也有所不同。

Climate指某地的平均气候或经常性的气候(average weather conditions);weather指某地一时的天气,如寒暖、晴雨和干湿的变化情况(a particular condition of wind,

rain,snow,sunshine,etc.)。例如:

The climate of our country is mild,but individual places experience bad weather.

我国的气候是温和的,但有时个别地区也会出现坏天气。

请再看下面的例句:

A drier climate would be good for your health.

比较干燥的天气也许会对你的健康有好处。

What is the weather like today?

今日天气如何?

In Hong Kong people seldom wear galoshes in wet weather.

在下雨天很少有人穿童鞋。

请注意,weather之前不可以用不定冠词a来修饰。例如我们不可以说:What a brilliant

weather!应把a删去。

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另外,用作比喻义时,climate与weather都指“环境”,“情况”,但使用场合有些

不同。例如:

The favourable political climate is conducive to economic investment.

良好的政治气候有利于经济投资。

The hostile climate in the institute makes working there difficult.

机构里的恶劣气氛使在那里工作变得困难。

You cannot rely on fair-weather friends to help you in all weathers.

你不要指望一些酒肉朋友在种种环境里都能帮助你。

2009年2月9日第158期英语语法讲解:act as,act like 英语, act, 语法, like, 讲解英语, act, 语法, like, 讲解

act as,act like

乍然看来,act as和 act like是两个同义短语,在涵义上无甚区别可言,其实不然。 Act as的意思是“充当”、“担任”,相当于 serve as,可与人或物词如:doctor、director、interpreter、guide、coach、 teacher、go-between、furniture、tools等字

搭配使用。as是连词,引导一个省略了谓语的状语从句。例: This herb can act as an antidote against snakebite.

这种药草可以用作蛇咬的解毒药。

Last summer she acted as a guide for tourists.

去年夏天,她担任旅游向导。 This coin may act as a screwdriver.

这枚硬币可以充当螺丝起子用。

Mr.Liu acted as group leader while Mr.Zhang was ill.

张先生生病时,刘先生任组长。

请注意,有时候,act for与act as的意义颇相近,但它们在表示概念方面互不相同。act as是“(临时)充当”或“起„的作用”; act for则表示“代理”的涵义。请比较

下一句和前述句:

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Mr.Liu acted for Mr.Zhang while,the latter was ill.

张先生患病期间,刘先生代理他的工作。

Act like的意思是“行为像”、“举动像”,相当于英语的 to act in the manner of,

它常与人或动物名词连用。like是介词,其后接宾语。例:

That child acts like a grown-up. 那个孩子的举动像成年人一样。 Don't act like a fool!

别像傻瓜一般!

His refusal of our offer acted like a wet blanket.

他拒绝了我们的建议,真使我们扫兴。 (注:a wet blanket 作“令人扫兴的事或人”。

2009年1月19日第150期英语语法讲解:anyway,any way 英语, anyway, 语法, 讲解英语, anyway, 语法, 讲解

anyway,any way

这一对词的意思并不一样。anyway和anyhow同义,但前者多用于美国英语,后者多用于英国英语。anyway 在句中用作副词和连接词,义:“无论如何”、“不管怎样”,相当

于 in any case和at any rate.例:

Anyway,we can try. 不管怎样,我们可以试试看。 I will not change my mind anyway. 无论如何,我不愿意改变我的宗旨。

“I can give you a lift if you wait”—“No,I'll walk Thanks,anyway.” “如果你等一下,我可以驾我的车送你去。”——“不用了,我步行好了。谢谢你(尽

管我不坐你的车)!”。

Any way的意思是“任何方法”、“任何方式”,way 是名词,any是修饰它的定语。

例:

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If there is any way in which you can help me tide over the difficulties,let

me know.

如果你有什么办法帮助我度过难关,请告诉我。 He could not find the way to the village in any way.

他怎么也找不到那条通向村庄的马路。

I cannot manage it any way.

我无法做到此事。

在上面第一个例句中,any way是用作条件状语从句的主语;在第二个例句中,any way作介词 in的宾语;在第三个例句中,any way用作状语,修饰谓语动词 cannot manage

2008年10月9日第44期英语语法讲解:同位语从句和定语从句的区别

英语, 定语, 语法, 讲解英语, 定语, 语法, 讲解

同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系;而定语从句是用来修饰先行词,是从属的关系。

that在同位语从句中没有词义,不充当句子成分;而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子

成分。

whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句;而它们不能用来引导定语从句。

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1.从词义角度看问题

who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义;它

们用来引导定语从句时,不具有疑问词的含义。

2. 从搭配角度看问题

who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强,如: 先行词是“人”,引导词用“who”等,而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question,

idea, doubt等”。

2009年1月17日第148期英语语法讲解:at last,at length 英语, length, 语法, last, 讲解英语, length, 语法, last, 讲解

at last,at length

这一对短语都有“终于”、“最后”的意思,但涵义和使用场合有所不同。

At length 这个词组共有三个意义: (1)长时间地。例如:He spoke at(great)length.(2)详细地。例如:They treated the subject at length.(3)终于;最后。例:After flying for ten hours,they got to San Francisco at length.

作第三种意义使用时,at length与at last同义,但它们的内涵却有所不同。当人们做某事时,遇到了困难,经过奋斗,最后得以完成,在这种场合,我们用at last.如果在做的过程中,经历了很长的时间才得以完成,这时候,不论困难大小,都可用at length表示。为此,我们说,at last强调的是“经过努力奋斗”;at length 强调的是“经历很长的时间”。通过下列例句的对比,不难看出它们之间的区别:

Before they climbed down the side of the cliff,they met with many obstacles,but they surmounted them at last.

从悬崖的侧面爬下来之前,他们遇到了许多障碍,但终于把它们克服了。 In spite of every obstacle,they have at last arrived at the destination. 尽管障碍很多,他们终于到达了目的地。

After a voyage of five months,they at length arrived safe and sound. 经过五个月的航行,他们终于安全抵达。

请注意,用length构成的介词短语很多,常见的有: Hong Kong Exhibition Centre measures 200 metres in length. 展览中心长达二百公尺。

They discussed this problem at great length. 他们非常详细地讨论了这个问题。

Yesterday I had my picture taken at the studio at full length. 昨天我在照相馆拍了一张全身照。

They travelled through the length and breadth of the country.

他们走遍全国。

2009年2月8日第157期英语语法讲解:admit,admit of 英语, admit, 语法, 讲解英语, admit, 语法, 讲解

admit,admit of

一般说来,admit表示“许入”、“进入”(allow somebody or something to enter)或“承认”(acknowledge)的意义;admit of则表示“容许”(allow of)或“容有”(leave room for)之意。例如:

This ticket admits one person only. 此券只准一人入场。 I admitted him to the lecture. 我准许他入内听讲。 He has admitted the fact. 他已承认此事。

This matter admits of no delay.

此事刻不容缓。

This word admits of several interpretations. 这个词可作几种解释。

Admit的主语既可以是物,也可以是人,而admit of 的主语只可以是没有生命的事物。例如,我们不能说: I can't admit of your doing it,而只能说:I can't allow you to do it.又如,不可以说:He can admit of no question,而应该说:His veracity admits of no question(他的诚信是勿容置疑的)。

admit,admit of

一般说来,admit表示“许入”、“进入”(allow somebody or something to enter)或“承认”(acknowledge)的意义;admit of则表示“容许”(allow of)或“容有”(leave

room for)之意。例如:

This ticket admits one person only.

此券只准一人入场。

I admitted him to the lecture.

我准许他入内听讲。 He has admitted the fact.

他已承认此事。

This matter admits of no delay.

此事刻不容缓。

This word admits of several interpretations.

这个词可作几种解释。

Admit的主语既可以是物,也可以是人,而admit of 的主语只可以是没有生命的事物。例如,我们不能说: I can't admit of your doing it,而只能说:I can't allow you to

do it.又如,不可以说:He can admit of no question,而应该说:His veracity admits

of no question(他的诚信是勿容置疑的)。

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值得注意的是,admittance和admission都是admit 的名词,它们都有“准入”之意,但使用场合不同。一般说来,admittance用于直义,即指准许某人进入某一场所;admission则大都用于比喻意,指准许进入的权利、入场费或入会费而言。因此,“入场券”译作admission ticket,不译作admittance ticket.“如非公事,不得擅进(非请勿进)”则

译作 No admittance except on business.现将这两个词作一比较:

They refused him admittance when he arrived.

他抵达时他们拒绝他入场。 They granted him admission.

他门准许他入会。

此外,admit用作解“承认”时,之后可以接动名词或从句,但不能接动词不定式。例如: He admits having seen the book或 He admits that he saw the book.但不可以说:

He admits to have seen the book.

在现代英语中,有时我们可以看到 admit to这么一个短语,其义相当于confess to (承

认),例如:

In spit of all the evidence against her,she refused to admit to the crime.

虽然所有证据都对她不利,但是她拒绝承认犯了罪。

有些西方学者认为,admit to 并不是地道的英语,最好避免使用。

与之类似区别的词语有 allow和allow of.前者的意思是“许可”(permit);后者的意思是“容有„余地”(leave room for)。它们的用法与 admit和 admit of相同。

2009年2月11日第160期英语语法讲解:according as,according to

英语, according, 语法, 讲解英语, according, 语法, 讲解

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The news is according to Hong Kong's broadcasting station.(错) 另一点需要补充说明的是,in accord with 和 in accordance with同义,它们可以互换使用,但前者远不及后者用得普遍。英国学者F.T.Wood认为,我们最好在强凋“与„一致”(agreement)的时候,用in accord with;在强调“服从”或“遵照执行”(obeying

or following)的涵义时,用 in accordance with.例如:

What he has done is not in accord with your instructions.

In accordance with your instructions we have suspended work on the heating

apparatus.

2008年11月15日第期英语语法讲解:when 容易与时间状语从句混淆的例

英语, 状语, 语法, when, 例子英语, 状语, 语法, when, 例子

She had just finished dressing when her guests came in.

她刚刚穿戴完毕,这时她的客人进来了。

这里的when不是从属连词,而是并列连词。所以它引导的是并列句。象这类问题有以下主

要 特征:

1. when 后面的分句动词必须是瞬间动词,用于表示突然性:

We were about to start when it began to rain.

正当我们要出发的时候,突然下雨了。

2. when 前面的分句是过去进行时:

He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.

他正笑着,突然门开了,他的妻子走了进来。

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3. when 前面的分句含有be about to, be on the point of: He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.

他正要出发的时候,突然有人敲门。

4. when 前面的分句采用过去完成时或是过去完成进行时: We had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

我们刚刚入睡,突然电话铃声响了。

The plane had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.

飞机播种了近一个月,这时天才下雨。

2008年11月9日第83期英语语法讲解:原因状语从句 英语, 状语, 语法, 讲解英语, 状语, 语法, 讲解

because, as, since, 用来引导原因状语从句。

for虽然也是表示原因,但是它不是从属连词,而是并列连词。

1. because 表示最强的因果关系,表达听话者未知的原因,because引导的从句通常放在后面,表示强调时也可放在前面。because引导的从句可以用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

He got the job because he was the best candidate. 他得到那份工作,因为他是最佳人选。 Just I didn‟t complain, they thought I was satisfied. 就因为我没有发牢骚,他们以为我很满意。 “Why can‟t I go?” ”Because you are too young.” 为什么我不能去?因为你年纪太小。

2. as 所表示的原因通常是听话者已经知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

As all the seats were full, he stood up. 由于所有的座位都满了,他只好站着。

Perhaps she‟ll need some help, especially as she‟s been ill. 她可能需要帮助,尤其是因为她一直有病。

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3.since所表示的原因通常也是听话者已经知道的。同样since也不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

Since you are going, I will go too. 既然你要去,我也去吧。

4. for 从语法分析的角度来说,它不是引导状语从句,而是构成一个并列句。 for 通常用于书面语,它通常不表示因果关系,而是对前面的分句进行补充说明。for-分句通常放在句末,for 之前有逗号。

He laughed little, for he was a sad man. 他很少发笑,因为他是个多愁的人。

She was clearly upset, for her eyes were filled with tears. 她显然心烦意乱,因为她眼眶里饱含泪水。

2008年11月11日第85期英语语法讲解:时间状语从句:the moment

英语, 状语, moment, 语法, 讲解

有一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句: the minute, the moment, every time, the first time

The moment he reached the country, he started his search. 他一到达这个国家,就开始他的探寻工作。

Every time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before. 每当我看到那顶草帽,它就使我想起几年前的那次旅游。

I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她就觉得她诚实而友善。

2008年12月15日第118期英语语法讲解:时态--现在完成时

英语, 时态, 语法, 讲解英语, 时态, 语法, 讲解

定义1:现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有

联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:简已在吃饭.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)

定义2: 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与

for,since连用.

Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.

现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before,

recently,still, lately等:

He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).

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现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on

several occasion等:

Have you ever been to Beijing

I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.

现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to

present, so far等:

Peter has written six papers so far.

Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.

现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.

Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)

Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three

years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句) 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.

We have had four texts this semester.

2009年2月12日第161期英语语法讲解:across,cross 英语, across, 语法, 讲解英语, across, 语法, 讲解

across,cross

这两个词都是表示“横越”、“渡过”之意,在拼写上仅差一字之微,故很易混淆。它

们的区别在于词性和使用场合有所不同。across是介词;cross是动词。

下面请看例句:

My house is across the harbour,in the vicinity of the Kowloon Park.

我的家在海港的对岸,九龙公园附近。

They live across the Central Plaza.

他们住在广场的对面。

Everyone shouts“kill it!”when a rat is seen to run across the street.

老鼠过街,人人喊打。

He has crossed the border into another territory.

他已越过边界进入别国的领土。

Many steel arch bridges cross the Mississippi in its lower reaches.

在密西西比河的下游许多拱形铁侨横跨河面。

They have crossed over to Japan.

他们已东渡去日本了。

coss除作动词外,亦可作名词。作名词时,有较强的构词能力,它所构成的词的某些词义和用法是值得注意的。例如crossroad是“交叉路”或“横马路”,而crossroads却

是“十字路”或“十字路口”,它的前面可以用a,但-s不能丢掉。如:

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The accident took place at a crossroads.

车祸发生在十字路口。

They drive across the plain by way of a crossroad leading to the highway.

他们沿着一条通往公路的交叉路驾车横过平原。

cross-reference是“前后参照”、“互见条目”的意思,专指同一书刊中前后互相参

阅的说明。例:

In this book cross-references are shown in capital letters.

在本书中,前后参照的互见条目用大写字母表示。

crossing是“渡口”、“横道线”或“(铁路与公路的)交叉点”。如:

The Star Ferry Pier is a ferry crossing in central.

天星码头是在中环的一个渡口。

All care should stoP at the zebra crossing.

所有车辆都要在斑马线前停下。

A bus ran into a train at the level/grade crossing.

一辆公共汽车在平交点与火车相撞。

2009年1月1日第134期英语语法讲解:dead,deadly 英语, dead, 语法, 讲解英语, dead, 语法, 讲解

dead,deadly

Deadly用作形容词时,很易和另一形容词 dead混淆不清。

Dead的意思是“死的”、“已死去的”(no longer living);用作副词时,其意为“完全地”、“非常地”,如:dead drunk; dead tired; dead dull; dead right.例:

He is dead. 他死了。

I found a dog howling over the dead body.

我看到有条狗对着死尸嚎叫。 The baby was born dead. 婴孩一生下来就死了。

He was dead drunk in the New Year Eve party.

他在除夕晚会上喝得烂醉如泥。

I'm dead tired!

我累极了!

用作副词时,与dead搭配的词很多,除上面两例的 drunk和 tired之外,尚有slow、

straight、level、calm、asleep、against等词。

Deadly用作形容词时,其意为“致命的”:“不共戴天的”(likely to cause death or filled with intense hatred)。与之经常搭配使用的词有:poison、weapon、wound、

enemy.例:

Be careful!This is a deadly poison.

小心!这是致命的毒药。 He is our deadly enemy.

他是我们的死敌。

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Deadly用作副词时,也是表示“非常”、“极变”的意思,一般用于负面意义,相当

于very much和extremely.例: His face turned deadly pale.

他的脸色变得非常灰白。 The show is deadly boring.

那场表演非常沉闷。

像deadly一样,deathly亦可用作形容词,其意为“死一般的”(like death),与

其搭配的词有: silence、look、stillness、hush.例:

A deathly silence prevails over all.

万籁俱寂。

Deathly亦可用作副词,如: deathly white;deathly cold.

2009年2月6日第155期英语语法讲解:after,behind 英语, behind, 语法, 讲解英语, behind, 语法, 讲解

after,behind

After用作介词时,很易和另一介词behind混淆不清,因为它们都表示“在„之后”

的意思。它们的区别有以下几点:

(一)一般说来,after指时间的先后次序,意为“在„之后”(later in time than);

behind指位置的前后,意为“在„后面”(in the rear of)。例如:

I shall be free after ten o'clock.

十点之后我有空。

The national stadium is located behind the hill.

国家运动场在山岗的后面。

(二)after常用以指顺序,意为“跟在„之后”、“接着”、“接连”(in succession or next to in order); behind 则表示“隐匿在后”、“背着”或“遗留在后”之意。

如:

After you,please!

您先请!(出门或进门时的客套用语)

You should put the direct object after the indirect object.

你应该把直接宾语放在间接宾语之后。

The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door.

正在挨家挨户地搜查劫匪。 Day after day and year after year„

日复一日,年复一年„„。 Don't stand behind the door.

不要躲在门背后。

Don't speak evil of a man behind his back.

不要在背后说人坏话。 Who is behind the scenes?

谁是幕后人?

Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them.

那些走私客逃走时没有留下任何痕迹。

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(三)在某些场合下,after和behind可以互换使用,但涵义有所不同。如:

Shut the door after you.(1) Shut the door behind you.(2)

(1)句的意思是“随手关门”,after含有离开与关门两个动作的先后的意味;(2)

句的意思是“关上你背后的门”,behind表示门的静止状态的意味,正因为如此,我们通

常说:Don't stand behind the door,而不说:Don't stand after the door. 值得注意的是,在另一些场合下,after和behind 在互换使用后,其意并无区别可言。

如:

John came in after Alice. John came in behind Alice. The dog ran after its master. The dog ran behind its master.

Behind除作介词外,尚可用作副词、名词和形容词; after除作介词外,还可用作副

词、连词和形容词,由于不属本书探讨范围之内,这里就不赘述。

2008年9月20日第32期英语语法讲解:宾语从句 英语, 宾语, 语法, 讲解英语, 宾语, 语法, 讲解

一、宾语从句的连接词:

1、连词that,只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略。

eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.

2、连词if 、whether,它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,在口语

中多用if。

eg. Tom don’t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present. 一般情况下,if 和whether可以互换,但以下3种情况只能用whether: ①在不定式前:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided. ②在介词前:It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain. ③与or not连用:They are talking about whether to go there or not. 3、连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,连接副词when, where, why, how, 它们

起连接作用,作句子成分,各有自己的意义。

eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.

I wonder where he got so much money.

【注意】

1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。

eg. I don’t know how I should do with the presents. è I don’t know how to do with

the presents.

2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.

二、宾语从句的语序:

宾语从句的语序是陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调:它的主语和

谓语的语序是陈述语序,而不是疑问句的倒装结构。 Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳) Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √)

The teacher asked the students what they were doing.(思考: what在从句中的成分) 陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。 eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” à She said she would leave a message on the desk. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. à I asked him where the tickets are.

三、宾语从句的时态呼应:

宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受到主句谓语时态的制约,此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时,从句谓语的时态不受;如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时,从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。

eg. I thought (that) you are free today. (╳) I thought (that) you would be free today. ( √)

【注意】

当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时,不管主句谓语的时态如何,从句都用一般现在时。

eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.

四、其他需要说明的问题:

1、标点由主句决定,如主句是陈述句、祈使句,则用句号;是疑问句则用问号。 eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?

2、要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。

五、宾语从句和状语从句的区分:

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eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow.

2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.

句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”,修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好,我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从句,充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。

整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否已到达。

判断方法:

1、可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(个别除外),宾语从句

只能放在主句谓语动词之后。

2、从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether, 词义为“是否”,充当状语从句的连接词时,词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时,意为“什么时候”,

充当状语从句的连接词时,意为“当„„的时候”

3.从时态看。if和when作连接词时,引导宾语从句要注意:从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时,引导条件和时间状语从句,若主

句的谓语动词用一般将来时,则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。 e.g. I think (that) differences are not important in a friendship. An old lady said (that) she found a job as a foreign language teacher.

They don’t know if (是否)we are going hiking next weekend Could you tell me when (什么时候)the train arrives ? We’ll go to the Great Wall if (如果) it doesn’t rain tomorrow.

=If doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall. They knew each other when(当„„时候)they were children.

=When they were children, they knew each other.

2008年10月6日第41期英语语法讲解:情态动词的语法特征 特征, 讲解, 英语, 语法, 情态动词英语, 语法, 情态动词, 特征, 讲

1. 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

2. 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

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3. 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4. 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。

2009年1月8日第139期英语语法讲解:bring,take,carry,fetch 英语, carry, take, bring, fetch英语, carry, take, bring, fetch

bring,take,carry,fetch

这四个词都是动词,都含有“带”或“拿”的意思,但使用场合各不相同。 Bring作“带来”、“拿来”解; take是bring的对语,作“带去”、“拿去”解。

例:

Next year you may bring your family over from England.

明年你可以把你的家属从英国带来。

Why don't you bring your girl friend to the party?

你为什么不把你的女友带来参加宴会?

Next time don't forget to brig me a copy of your work.

下次不要忘了把一份您的作品带给我。

Please take these books to the library for me.

请把这些书替我带到图书馆去。 Take the box away,please.

请把盒子拿走。

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Carry表示“运载”、“携带”之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车、船,也可以用手甚

至用头;fetch则表示“去拿来”(go and bring)的意思。例: They are carrying some paintings to the art gallery.

他们正在把一些画带到艺术馆去。

This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers.

这辆巴士规定乘载一百人。

Please fetch me the documents in that room.

请到那间房间去把那些文件拿来给我。

Please wait a minute.He's just gone out to fetch some water.

请等一会儿。他刚出去打水。

现将bring,take和fetch用在一个句中,以便区别:

Take that box and bring it with you,or if it is too heavy for you tocarry it,

I'll send Joe to fetch it.

请注意,bring之后可以接不定式和动名词,如:

You will never bring me to admit it.或 You will never bring me to admitting

it.

在这种场合下,英美人用不定式的居多。bring在这两句中表示 cause someone to do

something之意(使某人做某事)。

2008年9月8日第20英语语法讲解:half的用法

讲解, 语法, 用法, half, 英语

仅就名词意义而言, half 是一个可数名词,对应词是 whole ,意为“半,一半”。同学们是否对 half 的全部意义都了解呢?

一。 half 用作名词,意为“一半,半”,是可数名词,其复数形式是 halves .如: Cut the apple into halves. 把苹果切成两半。

二。 表示“某物的一半”用“ half a (an) + 单数名词”结构。如:

half an hour 半小时

half a kilo 半公斤

half an orange 半个桔子

half a day / week / month / year 半天 / 半周 / 半个月 / 半年

三。 表示“半公斤的……”用“ half a kilo of + 名词”。如: half a kilo of meat (tomatoes) 半公斤肉(西红柿)

四。 half 用于一个或一个以上整数再加一半表示“几个半”时,用“ one (two … ) + 名词 + and a half ”或“ one (two … ) and a half + 名词”结构,此时要注意名词复数形式的变化。如:

一个半小时 one hour and a half / one and a half hours

五。 “ a half (一半)”一般不单独使用。如果后面的数量单位名词是单数,如 kilo ,则可说 half a kilo 或 a half kilo .如果这个单位名词是复数,则前面只能用 a half .如: one and a half kilos 相当于 one kilo and a half (不说 one and half a kilo )

另外, in half 相当于 into halves ,意为“…成两半”。 by half 一半

by halves 不完全地,不完善地

halftime 比赛上半场与下半场之间的休息时间

2009年1月18日第149期英语语法讲解:as well as,as well

as well as,as well

这一对短语仅差一字之微,意义相近,故很易引起混淆。

作为习语用作介词时,as well as的涵义是“还有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是,在A as well as B的结构里,语意的重点在 A,不在 B.因此,“He can speak Spanish as well as English.”的译文应该是:“他不但会说英语,而且会讲西班牙语”,决不能译作:“他不但会说西班牙语,而且会讲英语”。如果这样翻译,就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but

also…同义,但前者的语意重点和后者的语意重点恰好颠倒。

如果 as well as用作连词引出比较从句,其义为“和…一样好”。因此,“He speaks Spanish as well as English.”应译作:“他说西班牙语像说英语一样好”。语意的重点依旧在前部,不

在后半部。

请注意 as well as以下的用法: She called on you as well as I. 不但我来看你,她也拜访了你。 She called on you as well as me.

她不但拜访了我,也拜访了你。

在下列句中,as well as表示“像…一样”的涵义:

She as well as you is an English teacher.

她像你一样也是英文教师。

这里的谓语动词用is,不用are,因为句中的主语是she,不是she和you.

As well是副词短语,其义为“也”,相当于too,它一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but

搭配使用。例:

He is a worker,and a poet as well.

他是工人,但也是诗人。

China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well.

中国拥有大量煤炭,其他的矿藏也很丰富。

Mr.Liu can speak English,but he can speak Cantonese as well. 刘先生会说英语,但他也能讲广东话。英语, 语法, 讲解

2009年1月16日第147期英语语法讲解:at(the)least,not(in)the least

英语, least, 语法, not, 讲解

at(the)least,not(in)the least

这一对短语的涵义有很大的差异。

At least的意思是“至少”(指数量或程度上)也可解作“反正就是…”。它与 at the least,at the very least同义,可互换使用,但后两者有强调意味,远不及前者用得普遍。 下面请看例句:

The total enrolment of the university in the academic year 1991-1992 was at least 10,000,including undergraduate and postgraduate students.

在1991-1992学年期间,该大学至少有一万名大学生,包括本科大学生和研究主。 Even if you cannot help him,you can give him encouragement at least. 就算你未能帮助他,至少你可以鼓励他。

Whether you like it or not,at the very least,this is reality.

不管你是否喜欢,反正这是个现实。

Not the least 的意思是“毫不”、“一点也不”(by no means),也可写作 not in the least.但后者一般不用作定语。现今,后者更常见。 Are you cold?—Not(in)the least. 你冷吗?—一点也不冷。

Spanish has not the least interest for them.(作定语,没有in) 他们对西班牙语毫不感兴趣。

(此句亦可改写为:They do not take the least interest in Spanish) You shouldn't relax your vigilance(in)the least. 你们不能丝毫放松警惕。

另一方面,not least义为“尤其是,特别是”:

That film caused public revulsion,not least among the education circles. 该电影引起公愤,特别是教育界的深恶。

短语 least of all的涵义是“最不”。例:That's the thing I like least of all.(这是我最不喜欢的东西)。

2009年1月9日第140期英语语法讲解:breath,breathe

breath,breathe

这两个词都是表示“呼吸”的意思,但词性和读音不同。 breath/breI是名词; breathe/briJ/

是动词。初学英语的人容易将breathe的e丢掉,以致与breath混淆不清。

请看下面例句:

After we had climbed to the top of the hill,we stopped to gather breath.

我们爬到山顶后便停下来歇口气。

Only in the countryside can we have a breath of fresh air.

只有在郊野我们才能呼吸到新鲜的空气。

He has run himself out of breath.

他跑得上气不接下气。 The old lady breathed her last this morning.

老太太今天早上断气了。 In an attack of asthma,she breathed hard.

哮喘发作,她感到呼吸困难。

It's healthy to breathe deeply in the morning

早上作深呼吸对身体有益。

[hide]

请注意,在下列例句内,breathe和 take a breath不能互换使用,因为它们表达的涵义有

所不同:

We breathe in order to live. 为了生存,我们要呼吸。 We paused to take a breath

我们停下来喘了一口气。[/hide讲解, 语法, breath, 英语

2009年1月7日第140期英语语法讲解:by turns,in turn

英语, turn, 语法, 讲解英语, turn, 语法, 讲解

by turns,in turn

如同 by name和 in name 参阅该节)一样,这一对短语也不是同义语。 by turns的意思是“轮流地”、“交替地”、“忽而…忽而…”( one after another; alternately or in rotation);in turn的意思是“依次相继地”(each in due succession)。例: We read the poem by turns. 我们轮流读这首诗。

They sang songs by turns 他们轮流唱歌。

He grew pale and red by turns. 他的脸一会儿红一会儿白。

We sang the song in turn. 我们依照次序唱歌。

We were summoned in turn to see the judge. 法宫依次召见我们。

跟by turns同义是 take turns,但二者语法不同。前者是副词片语,作状语用,后者为动词片语。例:

The classes visited the exhibition by turns. The classes took turns to visit the exhibition. 各班学生轮流参观展览。

请注意,on the turn的意思则是“正在变化(转变)中”。例如: The bullish stock market is on the turn

股票牛市开始变了。

2009年1月4日第137期英语语法讲解:consist in,consist of

英语, consist, 语法, 讲解英语, consist, 语法, 讲解

在英语里,我们常会碰到这种现象,由于所用的介词不同,其语意也就变得大不相同。例如,consist in表示“在于„”之意;consist of则表示“包含”,“由„组成”之意。前者说明一样事物的性质,这种性质大都是抽象的、非物质的;后者则说明组成某一事物的部分,

这些部分大都是具体的、物质的。例如:

Happiness consists in trying to do one's duty,not in amassing wealth.

快乐的源泉在于尽义务,而不在于积聚财富。 The best remedy for tuberculosis consists in rest.

肺结核病的最好良药就是休息。

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The value of this teaching method consists in the interest it stimulates in the

students.

这种教学法的优点是在于能引起学生的兴趣。 Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen.

水田氧和氢组成。

This delegation consists of ten famous actors.

这个代表团由十名著名影星组成。 Our golf club consists of 150 members. 我们的高尔夫俱乐部有一百五十名会员。

2009年1月15日第146期英语语法讲解:at the end of,by the end of

英语, end, 语法, 讲解英语, end, 语法, 讲解

at the end of,by the end of

这一对短语的意思都是“在„的末了”、“在„的一端”,意义上相似,但使用场合有

所不同。

一般说来,at the end of用于表示具体事物或场所的场合,它也可以用来表示比喻意。

例:

The school is situated at the end of the street.

该校位于这条街的尽头。

We'll have an exam in English at the end of January.

一月底我们要参加英语考试。

They were at the end of their patience.

他们忍无可忍。

He is at the end of his wits.

他智穷才尽,束手无策。

By the end of用于表示时间的场合,往往含有“不迟于”的意味。值得注意的是,at the end of亦可用于表示时间的场合(见上面第二个例句),但其义和by the end of有

所不同。试对比下面两例:

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at the end of January 一月底(指一月份的最后一天)

by the end of January

一月底之前(指一月份结束前的几天)

We are to complete the task by the end of the year.

年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。 Their communication is at an end.

他们的交往到此为止。

短语 in the end的涵义是“终于”、“最后”,其义相当于 at last.例:

I'm sure everything will turn out satisfactory in the end.

我确信,最后一切都会令人满意的。 In the end things will mend.

船到桥头自会直。

2008年9月20日第32期英语语法讲解:宾语从句 英语, 宾语, 语法, 讲解英语, 宾语, 语法, 讲解

一、宾语从句的连接词:

1、连词that,只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略。

eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.

2、连词if 、whether,它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,在口语

中多用if。

eg. Tom don’t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present. 一般情况下,if 和whether可以互换,但以下3种情况只能用whether: ①在不定式前:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided. ②在介词前:It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain. ③与or not连用:They are talking about whether to go there or not.

3、连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,连接副词when, where, why, how, 它们

起连接作用,作句子成分,各有自己的意义。

eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.

I wonder where he got so much money.

【注意】

1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。

eg. I don’t know how I should do with the presents. è I don’t know how to do with

the presents.

2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.

二、宾语从句的语序:

宾语从句的语序是陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调:它的主语和

谓语的语序是陈述语序,而不是疑问句的倒装结构。 Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳) Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √)

The teacher asked the students what they were doing.(思考: what在从句中的成分) 陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。 eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” à She said she would leave a message on the desk. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. à I asked him where the tickets are.

三、宾语从句的时态呼应:

宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受到主句谓语时态的制约,此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时,从句谓语的时态不受;如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时,从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。

eg. I thought (that) you are free today. (╳) I thought (that) you would be free today. ( √)

【注意】

当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时,不管主句谓语的时态如何,从句都用一般现在时。

eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.

四、其他需要说明的问题:

1、标点由主句决定,如主句是陈述句、祈使句,则用句号;是疑问句则用问号。

eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?

2、要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。

五、宾语从句和状语从句的区分:

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eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow.

2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.

句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”,修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好,我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从句,充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否已到达。

判断方法:

1、可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(个别除外),

宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。

2、从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether, 词义为“是否”,充当状语从句的连接词时,词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时,意为“什么时候”, 充当状语从句的连接词时,意为“当„„的时候” 3.从时态看。if和when作连接词时,引导宾语从句要注意:从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时,引导条件和时间状语从句,若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,则从句的时态应用一般现

在时表示将来。

e.g. I think (that) differences are not important in a friendship. An old lady said (that) she found a job as a foreign language teacher.

They don’t know if (是否)we are going hiking next weekend Could you tell me when (什么时候)the train arrives ?

We’ll go to the Great Wall if (如果) it doesn’t rain tomorrow.

=If doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall. They knew each other when(当„„时候)they were children. 2009年1月3日第136期英语语法讲解:credible,creditable

英语, credible, creditable, 语法, 讲解英语, credible, creditable, 语法,

讲解

=When they were children, they knew each other.

credible,creditable

这两个词并非同义词。credible表示“可信的”(believable or trustworthy)意思,通常指人物、言语、历史、故事等的可信;creditable表示“可称誉的”、“可赞赏的”(honourable,respectable or praiseworthy)意思,通常指人的行为,表现或工作而言。

例:

This is hardly credible.

此事难以置信。 His words are credible.

他的话是可信的。

The performance of Broadway Show is highly creditable.

百老汇歌舞团的表演是非常值得赞许的。

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Credible的反义词是incredible;creditable的反义词是discreditable.下面将

credible和creditable用在一个句子中,以便区分:

The report that Mr.Lin has done a creditable job is credible.

报告说,林先生做了一件值得赞许的工作,这是可信的。

顺便在此指出,credulous一词与credible有关。后者是“可信的”,前者是“轻信

的”(too willing to believe what you are told)。例: You're so credulous that you could be easily fooled.

你这么轻信,你很容易上当受骗。

2008年7月31日第1期英语语法讲解:反意疑问句 英语, 疑问句, 语法, 讲解英语, 疑问句, 语法, 讲解

反意疑问句应注意的一些特例

反意疑问句除一般规律外,还要注意下面的一些特殊情况:

1. 当陈述部分的主语为 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, no one, nobody 等表示人的不定代词时,附加问句的主语通常用 they 或 he. 如:

Everyone has been to Shanghai, haven't they?

如果陈述部分的主语是 everything, anything, nothing 等表示物的不定代词时,附加问句的主语常用 it ,不用 they 。如:

Everything is getting along quite well, isn't it?

2. 当陈述部分的主谓结构为“ I wish ”,用来表示征求或询问对方的意见时,疑问部分用“ may I ”来表示。如:

I wish to go skating with you, may I?

3. 当陈述部分的主语为 I ,谓语动词为 am 时,附加问句通常用“ aren't? ”。例如: I am doing well enough now, aren't I? 4. 当陈述部分为 there be 句型时,这时疑问部分实际上并没有语法上的主语,而是由引导词 there 充当主语。如:

There is a ball on the table, isn't there?

5. 有些反意疑问句两部分之间实际上并无反意关系,陈述或疑问同是肯定的,或同是否定的。这种句型有时是重复对方的话,然后附以问句,有时甚至带有威吓、讥讽、轻蔑的口气。其构成方式为:肯定(否定)式+肯定(否定)式。如: - You must go away.

- Oh, I must, must I ?

6. 当陈述句为并列句时,附加问句应与相邻的分句的主谓保持一致。如:

Mary has been doing her homework all the morning, but she should be finished doing it, shouldn't she?

7. 当陈述部分为复合句时,附加问句应与主句的主谓保持一致。如:

You think he is wrong, don't you?

但是如果主句为 I / we think ( suppose, believe …)等,即主句的谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose 等,且主句主语为第一人称 I 或 we 时,附加问句应与从句的主谓保持一致。如:

I believe you are not in trouble, are you? 8. 感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式,而且要用 be 的一般现在时。主语是人时,用 he 或 you 等人称代词;主语是物时,用 it 。如:

What a lovely day, isn't it?

9. 用于比较的主从复合句中,附加问句部分的谓语应与主句的谓语一致。如: - Let's go for a walk.

- Yes, today's weather isn't as cold as it was yesterday, is it?

10. 陈述句为祈使句时,附加问句常用 will you, won't you, shall we, would you, could you 。如果祈使句为肯定句,附加问句用肯定式或否定式均可,但肯定式更加委婉客气。如果祈使句为否定式,则附加问句一般只用肯定式。如: Bring me some chalk, will ( won't ) you?

若为“ Let's do …”结构,附加问句用 shall we, 表示说话者与对方共同的行为;若为“ Let us do … ”,则附加问句用 will you ,表示征求对方的意见。如:

Let's go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go out for a walk, will you?

11. 陈述句含有加上否定前(后)缀构成的否定词时,仍看作肯定形式,附加问句用否定形式。如:

It is unfair, isn't it?

12. 当陈述部分含有 seldom, hardly, scarcely, no, never, rarely, few, little 等否定词时,附加问句用肯定式。如:

He seldom lends his money to others, does he?

13. 含有 must 的陈述句,须按句子的情景具体判断:( 1 )若 must 作“必须”讲时,附加问句一般用 mustn't ;( 2 )若 must 作“必要”解时,就用 needn't ;( 3 )“ must + have

done ”句型,若表示对过去动作或情况的猜测,则应该用过去时态;若强调对现在造成的影响时,附加问句用 have ( has )构成;( 4 ) must be 表示“必定;一定”时,附加问句应和 be 的变化形式一致。如:

The students must finish the papers within two hours, mustn't they? You must have known him before you wrote to him, hadn't you? I must come to school this evening, needn't I? It must have snowed last night, didn't it?

The old man must be our headmaster, isn't he?

Mary must have finished reading the novel now, hasn't she?

14. 若陈述句的主语为“ None of +不可数名词”,附加问句的主语用 it ;若其主语为“ None of + 可数名词的复数或表复数的代词”时,附加问句应根据上下文选用 they , you 或 we 等。如:

None of the food is good to eat, is it?

None of the students can reach the top of the hill, can they?

15. 陈述句为“ I'd ( We'd / You'd ) better + do …”时,附加问句仍用 had 构成。如: We'd better leave the dangerous house now, hadn't we?

16. 当陈述部分为“ You'd like to +do …”时,附加问句用 wouldn't you. 如: You'd like to go to the party, wouldn't you?

17. 若陈述句的宾语为否定代词时,附加问句用肯定或否定形式均可。如:

Mr Wang saw nobody in the classroom, did ( didn't ) he?

18. 陈述句的两个主语由 neither … nor …连接时,附加问句的主语应该用两个主语的相应复数 we, you 或 they 等。如:

Neither you nor he is good at English, are you? Neither my sister nor I am a worker, are we?

19. 陈述句是“ This ( That ) is …”,“ These ( Those ) are …”结构时,附加问句的主语常用 it 代替 this ( that ),用 they 代替 these ( those )。如: That isn't a chair, is it?

These are books, aren't they?

20. 陈述句的主语是从句、不定式、动名词,附加问句的主语一般用 it 。如: Seeing is believing, isn't it?

To learn English well isn't so easy, is it? What we need most is practice, isn't it? 最后需要指出的是:

( 1 )构成附加问句时,其谓语部分只能用与陈述句谓语相应的助动词、情态动词或系动词,不可用实义动词。

( 2 )附加问句的主语须用相应的人称代词,不可用名词。

( 3 )附加问句的答语中 yes 和 no 的用法,由答语而定。答语是肯定的,就用 yes ;答语是否定的,就用 no 。但应注意,当附加问句的陈述部分为否定式时, yes, no 的翻译正好相反。如:

- You haven't been to the Great Wall, have you? 你没有去过长城,是吗?

- Yes, I have. ( No, I haven't. ) 不,我去过。(是的,我没有去过。)

2009年1月7日第140期英语语法讲解:by turns,in turn

英语, turn, 语法, 讲解

by turns,in turn

如同 by name和 in name 参阅该节)一样,这一对短语也不是同义语。 by turns的意思是“轮流地”、“交替地”、“忽而…忽而…”( one after another; alternately or in rotation);in turn的意思是“依次相继地”(each in due succession)。例: We read the poem by turns. 我们轮流读这首诗。 They sang songs by turns 他们轮流唱歌。

He grew pale and red by turns. 他的脸一会儿红一会儿白。 We sang the song in turn.

我们依照次序唱歌。

We were summoned in turn to see the judge.

法宫依次召见我们。

跟by turns同义是 take turns,但二者语法不同。前者是副词片语,作状语用,后者为动词片语。例:

The classes visited the exhibition by turns. The classes took turns to visit the exhibition.

各班学生轮流参观展览。

请注意,on the turn的意思则是“正在变化(转变)中”。例如: The bullish stock market is on the turn 股票牛市开始变了。

2008年12月31日第133期英语语法讲解:due to,owing to 英语, due, owing, 语法, 讲解英语, due, owing, 语法, 讲解

due to,owing to

这一对词组都表示“因为”、“由于”之意,但用法和使用场合有所不同。 在标准英语里,due to只能用以引导形容词短语,不可引导副词短语。例如:

Our delay was due to heavy traffic.

Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.

在第一例中,due to引导的短语在句中作表语,用在 verb“to be”之后;在第二例中,due to引导的短语作定语,修饰前面的主语mistakes.主张语言纯正者(purists)认为,due to不能引导副词短语,因此,下列句中的 due to应改为 owing to或 because of:

Due to ill health,he could not attend the meeting

由于健康不佳,他不能参加会议。

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事实上,在现代英语中,due to也经常用以引导副词短语,下面数句均摘自英美刊物:

Due to the weather,the flight was cancelled.

He failed due to carelessness.

The population of Pennsylvania increased from 50,000 in 1730 to more than 200,

000 in 1763,due in large part to the thousands of Scotch-Irish.

„in America,where women began to predominate from pioneer times,due to their

scarcity and greater demands.

Owing to如同 because of或 on account of一样,是个介词,只能引导副词短语。

例:

Owing to the rain,they could not come.

由于下雨,他们不能来了。

Owing to a traffic hold-up,I missed my flight.

由于交通堵塞,我赶不上航班。

The project fell through because of poor planning.

工程告吹是因为缺乏周详策划。

The university faced a cost overrun on account of miscalculation.

大学经费超支是因为预计错误

2008年11月29日第102期英语语法讲解:<顺便>在英文中的表达方法

英语, 语法, 英文, 讲解, 表达

语境(1)谈话时突然想到另一件事为了转变话题常用“By the way…”中文常译为“顺便一提…”。其实这应该译为“(喔,)对了…”。但“By the way…是句子间的连接词组,无法用在单句(像”你回家的时候可以顺便帮我买包香烟?“)。

语境(2) “你回家的时候可以顺便帮我买包香烟吗?”中的“顺便”其实是含有“方便”的意思。用英文说,就是conveniently, (while you are) in it, (do something in addition to what is already doing) without extra effort, incidentally…。实际上的词组用词可以用in passing, at your convenience, take this opportunity…甚至于不用任

何词组,而用从整个句子的语气上得来〔见下面的例子(d)(e)(f)〕!

例 (a):I mention this point now in passing and shall refer to it again. 这一点现在先顺便提一下,以后还会再提到。

例(b):I take this opportunity to report to you about a matter.顺便向各位报告一件事。

例(c):On your way home, could you please get a pack of cigarettes for me, at your convenience? “你回家的时候可以顺便帮我买包香烟吗?”。

例(d):〔甚至不用at your convenience,从语气上(on your way home)就有“顺便”的气氛〕。I often look in at the bookstore on my way home from work.我下班回家,常(顺便)到书店看看。 例(e):When you go to the library, please return this book for me.你去图书馆管的时候,(顺便)把我这本书还了吧。〔本句中When…for me就有“顺便”的气氛〕。 例(f):Please take this study material with you to the class.你把这份讲义拿到班上去。〔本句中When…with you就有“顺便”的气氛〕。

例(g):When you go shopping, please buy me a pair of small scissors.你去买东西的时候,(顺便)替我买一把小剪刀。〔本句中只用When…而不用其它任何词组,从语气上来看,就有“顺便”的气氛〕。

例(h):When my cousin came to Taipei on business, he stayed with me for two nights. 我表弟来台北出差时,(顺便)来我家住了两晚。〔本句中只用When…而不用其它任何词组,从语气上来看,就有“顺便”的气氛〕。

例(i):When you go to Kingstone Bookstore, please ask when this month„s issue of World Movie will be in.你去金石堂书店的时候,请(顺便帮我)问一下新的一期“世界电影”杂志什么时候到

2008年12月16日第119期英语语法讲解:first,firstly

英语, first, 语法, 讲解英语, first, 语法, 讲解

这两个词的意义很近似,又都有“首先”、“第一”之意,但使用场合不尽一

致。

First的使用范围较大,可以作名词、形容词和副词,有时还可以代替firstly 使用;firstly的运用范围较小,只能作副词,用于列举事实或理由的场合。 汉语里的“首先”、“第一”,在英语中是firstly、first of all、in the first place或干脆说first;但汉语中的“最后一点”,英语里却不说last,而是

说lastly或last of all,这是应当记住的。

下面是first和firstly通用的例句:

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First(or Firstly),we dice the pork and marinate it and,second

(or secondly),we prepare the dough for the pie. 首先,把猪肉切成肉丁并加醃料;其次是预备做馅饼的麦粉。 但在下列场合里,first却不可以和firstly替换使用:

We first(不能用firstly)go to Shenzhen,and then to Beijing.

我们先到深圳,然后上北京。

He who would eat the nut must first(不能用firstly)crack the shell.

要吃核果,必须先破壳。

下面是first作名词和形容词的例句:

The first of May is International Labour Day.

五月一日是国际劳动节。

The first question is whether the Government is willing to improve

elementary education.

第一个问题是:是否愿意改造小学教育。

通过上列的一些例句,我们可以看到,firstly只能用作副词,并只能用于列举 事物和理由的场合。在现代英语中,firstly不如first用得普遍,许多人在列举事

物时都是说:First,„;secondly,„;thirdly,„。

2009年1月2日第135期英语语法讲解:dare(普通动词),dare(情态动词)

英语, dare, 动词, 语法, 讲解

dare(普通动词),dare(情态动词)

Dare的意思是“敢于”、“冒险”,它既可用作普通动词,又可作情态动词用(modal

verb/auxiliary verb)。

作普通动词用时,有各种时态形式的变化,第三人称单数现在时要加s,可以和带to

或不带to的不定式连用。例如: He dares to go to Africa alone.

他敢独自去非洲。 Does he dare to tell her?

他敢告诉她吗?

He doesn't dare(to)tell her.

他不敢告诉她。 He dared to go there.

他敢去那儿。

He didn't dare(to) take the risk.

他不敢冒这个险。

作为普通动词,dare也能表示“挑战”的意思。例如:

He dared me to my face.

他当面向我挑战。

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作情态动词用时,一般只用于疑问句和否定句中,第三人称单数现在时不加s,无各种

时态形式变化。例:

Dare he tell you the truth? 他敢不敢对你说出事实来?

He dare not tell me that sort of thing.

他不敢把那种事告诉我。 作为情态动词,dare又有以下用法: How dare he speak so rudely?

他怎么敢说话如此无礼?

I dare say(daresay) there are mistakes there.

我认为/在我看来这里面有错误。

dare not和 do not dare to同义,都表示“不敢”之意,前者是书面用语,后者是口头用语。在现代英语中,缩略后一般都用He doesn't dare to go的句式,而不用 He daren't

go的句型。

2008年11月17日第91期英语语法讲解:同位语从句和定语从句的区别

讲解, 语法, 定语, 英语

同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系;而定语从句是用来修饰先行词,是从属的关系。

that在同位语从句中没有词义,不充当句子成分;而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。

whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句;而它们不能用来引导定语从句。

1.从词义角度看问题

who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义;它们用来引导定语从句时,不具有疑问词的含义。

2. 从搭配角度看问题

who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强,如:

先行词是“人”,引导词用“who”等,而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question, idea, doubt等”。

2008年11月20日第94期英语语法讲解:形容词原级的用法2

英语, 形容词, 语法, 用法, 讲解

在as...as和not so...as的中间形容词常用原级

1. as...as表示相等

This knife is as sharp as that one. 这把刀和那把一样锋利。 He is as tall as I.

他的个子和我一般高。

2. not so...as,not as...as表示\"不如\" He's not so clever as his brother. 他不像他的兄弟那么聪明。

2008年9月6日第18英语语法讲解:Worth的用法

英语, Worth, 语法, 用法, 讲解

worth意为“值……的,有……的价值的”等,常常用作形容词,在句中一般作表语,有时也可用作定语,如:a place worth seeing(值得一看的地方),a dictionary worth $50(一本值50美元的词典)等。

worth用作表语时,不能单独使用,其后通常接动词的-ing形式,而不能接动词不定式。常用的句式有:

1. “主语+be+worth+动词的-ing形式+……”此时,句子的主语就是worth之后动词-ing形式的逻辑宾语。例如:

Now John is worth talking to.(现在值得与约翰谈一谈。)

He isn ' t worth getting angry with.(犯不上跟他生气。)

注意:动词的-ing形式之后的介词不可省去。worth后面的动词-ing形式一般用主动形式表示被动意义,而不能直接用被动形式。试比较:

正: The film isn ' t worth seeing.

误:The film isn ' t worth being seen.

2. “It(形式主语)+be+worth+动词的-ing形式+……”例如:

I ' t isn ' t worth repairing the bike.(这辆自行车不值得修理了。)

Is it worth visiting the city?(这个城市值得参观吗?)

一般来说,worth前面可用well, really, very much, hardly, easily等词语修饰,但一般不用very修饰。例如:

This is really worth doing.(这确实值得一做。)

He has something very much worth saying.(他有些话很值得讲。)

请比较:

正: This book is worth reading.

正: It is worth reading this book.

正: This book is well worth reading.

误: Reading this book is worth.

误: This book is worth being read.

误: This book is very worth reading.

worth的下列用法也值得注意:

(1)表示“值(多少钱)”的意思时,其后主要接表示钱数或类似的词语。例如:

This picture is worth 100 yuan.(这幅画值100元。)

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.(双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。)(谚语)

(2)表示“值得”的意思,后接某些名词。例如:

His words are worth notice.(他的话值得注意。)

Is it worth all the trouble?(费那么多事值得吗?)

(3)表示“拥有……价值的财产”的意思。例如:

He is worth a million dollars.(他拥有百万家产。)

(4)用作名词,表示物质、精神等方面的“价值”时,worth是不可数名词,如a picture of great worth(一幅价值昂贵的画),a man of worth(很有价值的人)。 (5)用在一些习惯用语中,如for all one is worth (尽力,尽量地),for what it ' s worth(不论真伪),worth one ' s salt(胜任的,称职的,值得雇佣的)worth somebody ' s while(值得某人花精力[时间]的)。

2008年9月1日第14期英语语法讲解:疑问代词what的用法

疑问, 用法, 语法, 代词, 英语

疑问代词 what 是英语中用法较广、考试中常被测试到的代词。现将其在初一全册中的用法归纳如下:

一。 对年级、班级、排号、号码等提问时要用 what ,并与名词 grade 、 class 、 row 、 number 等连用。如: What number are you? 你是几号呢?

二。 对某事物或某人的姓名提问时常用 what .如: What is your name? 你叫什么名字?

三。 对算式的得数进行提问时用 what .如: What is three plus four? 三加四等于几?

四。 询问“某物有何毛病”或“某人怎么了”常用 what .如: What's wrong with your bike? 你的自行车出什么毛病了?

五。 what 与 colour 构成 what colour 来询问颜色。如: What colour is your coat? 你的上衣是什么颜色?

六。 与名词 number 连在一起用来询问汽车或电话号码等。如: What number is Mr Green's car? 格林先生的车牌号是多少?

七。 对职业进行提问时,用 what ,其句式为“ What + do / does + 主语 + do ”或“ What + be + 主语?”。例略。

八。 询问“某地有什么”用 what ,其后多接“ be + 介词短语”。如: What's on the wall? 墙上有什么?

九。 询问具体的时间(几点几分)常用 what time .如: What time is it? (= What's the time?) 现在几点了?

十。 对价格提问时用 what .如: What's the price of these apples? 这些苹果多少钱?

十一。 询问“星期几”时,常用 what 与 day 一起提问。如: What day is today? (What day is it today?) 今天星期几?

十二。 征求意见或询问对方消息时常用 what about .如: What about something to drink? 来点喝的怎么样?

十三。 用来询问对某人或某物的看法时,用“ What … think of …”,译为就是“……认为……怎么样?”如:

—What do you think of the story? 你认为这个故事怎么样?

2008年9月7日第19英语语法讲解:Take的用法

英语, Take, 语法, 用法, 讲解英语, Take, 语法, 用法, 讲解

take 是初一下学期出现的一个很重要的动词。它的本义是“ carry sb. / sth. from one place to

another ”,即“携带、运载”。但灵活的它在不同的场合有不同的含义。现将初一阶段 take 所出现的用法归纳如下:

一。 take 表示“乘、坐”某一交通工具。如:

My father usually takes a bus to work. 我爸爸常乘公共汽车去上班。

Which bus do you often take? 你经常乘哪一路公共汽车?

注意: take 和 by 都有“乘、坐”之意。 Take 是一个动词,后面接具体的交通工具,且在表示该交通工具的名词前一般应有冠词等修饰语;而 by 是一个介词,它后面所跟的表示交通工具的名词前一般不可用冠词等修饰语。 by 短语在句中修饰动词等作状语。如:

格林先生经常乘火车去上班。

Mr Green often goes to work by train.

Mr Green often takes a train to work.

二。 take 表示“拿、取”之意,后常接宾语,它强调将某人或某物从说话地点带到其他地方去。如:

Could you take my schoolbag to the classroom, please? 请你把我的书包拿到教室里去好吗?

His mother often takes him to the bookshop. 他妈妈经常带他去书店。

注意:如果表示把某人或某物从别处带到说话地点时,应用 bring .如:

Han Mei, please bring me a cup of tea. 韩梅,请给我端杯茶来。

Don't forget to bring your dictionary here next time. 下次别忘了把你的词典带来。

三。 take 表示“花费时间”之意,其常用句型为“ It takes sb. some time to do sth. ”,意为“某人花多少时间做某事”,注意后面的动词前的 to 不可丢掉。如:

It takes her twenty minutes to walk to school every day. 她每天步行去上学要花二十分钟的时间。

It takes me half an hour to do my homework in the evening. 晚上我要花半小时做作业。

四。 含 take 的短语

take exercise 运动;锻炼

take off 脱掉;(飞机)起飞

take a look (at) 看一看

take photos 照相,拍照

take a seat 坐下,坐坐

take a walk 散步

take a rest 休息

take down 取下

take away 拿走

take out 拿出

2008年9月5日第17英语语法讲解:代词one的用法

英语, 代词, 语法, 用法, one

代词one的用法很多,且容易误用,现将其常见的用法归纳如下:

一. one可以代替前面刚提到过的同一类人或物,其复数形式为ones.例如:

I haven ' t got a pen. I ' ll have to buy one.(我没有钢笔,我必须去买一支。)

I have a new story-book and several old ones.(我有一本新的故事书和几本旧的故事书。)

二. 如果one不带任何前置修饰语,而是单独使用时,其意义通常是泛指的。例如:

I have no recorder. I want to buy one.(我没有录音机,我想买一台。)

三. 不定冠词a/an不可直接和one连用,但a/an后面有形容词时,可以和one连用。例如:

Have you any knives? I need a sharp one.(你有小刀吗?我需要一把锋利的。)

Have you any books? I want to have an interesting one.(你有书吗?我要一本有意思的。)

四. 当one(s)代替特指名词时,它前面总有定冠词或其他限定词。例如:

This room and the one upstairs are being cleaned.(这个房间和楼上的那个房间正在打扫。)

The film is not so good as the one we saw last week.(这部电影不如我们上星期看过的那部电影好。)

五. one 只能代替可数名词,如果所代替的是特指的不可数名词,那就不能用“the one”,而应该用that.例如:

The study of English is as important as that(=the study)of Chinese.(学习英语与学习汉语一样重要。)

六. one(s)通常不用在名词所有格和形容词性的物主代词之后。例如:

他的书放在楼下,他哥哥的书放在楼上。

(误)His books are kept downstairs, and his elder brother ' s ones are kept upstairs.

(正)His books are kept downstairs, and his elder brother ' s are kept upstairs.

七. one(s)不用在own和both之后。例如:

我的狗是黑色的,他的狗是**的。

(误)My dog is black, his one is yellow.

(正)My dog is black, his is yellow.

那幢房子是你租的,还是你自己的?

(误)Do you rent the house or is it your own one?

(正)Do you rent the house or is it your own?

2008年9月10日第22期英语语法讲解:When的用法小结 小结, 语法, When, 用法, 解析英语, 小结, 语法, When, 用法

一、作为副词,它有以下的用法:

1. 作为疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,意为“什么时候;何时”,例如:

(1) When will they come back? (2) What time will they come back?

回答 when 引导的从句,不一定指出具体的时间点。如回答句(1)可用

tomorrow, next month 等。

而回答what time 引导的问句,则必须说出具全的时间点,例如:at two

o'clock, at five past

ten 等。

2. 作连接副词,引导名词性从句或不定式,意为“什么时候”。从句使用陈述

句语序,时态根据实际

情况而定。

(1) I'd like to know when they will come. 我想知道他们什么时候来。

(when 引导宾语从句)

(2) Can you tell me when the bank opens.你能告诉我银行什么时候开门

吗?(when 引导宾语从句)

(3) When she'll be back depends much on the weather. 她何时回来在很

大程度上取决于天气。 (when 引导主语从句)

(4) Have you decided when to go sightseeing? 你们已经决定什么时候

去郊游了吗?

(when 引导不定式结构)

3. 作疑问代词,常和介词 since, till, up to 等连用,意为“什么时候”。

例如:

(1)Since when have they had the house? 他们从什么时候起有这幢房子

的?

(2)Till when is the library open? 图书馆开放到几点呢? 4. 作关系副词,引导性定语从句和非性定语从句。例如:

(1)The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down

upon. 中国人民被人

轻视的日子一去不复返了。

(2) The main school holidays are from mid-December till early February,

when the days

are long and warm. 学校的主要假期是从 12 月中旬到 2 月初,这段时间

里白天长而且很温暖。

(3) Considering (the time) when these paintings were done, they are

in

excellent condition. 考虑到这些油画的创作时期,它们保存的状况是极

好的。

(4) Do you remember (the time) when the three of us went on a picnic?

你还记得我们三个

人去野餐的那段时光吗?

在定语从句中, that 在某些条件下可用来代替 when ,这时其先行词通常

是 time, day,

moment, year 等。如:

(1) His mother died on the evening that he was born. 他母亲死于他出

生的那晚。

(2) I stay at home on the days that I am not busy. 在我不忙的时候,

我就呆在家里。

在某些含有“时间”的名词词组后面,由于该名词不表示时间,或整个名词

词组已用作连词,所以不

用 when 引导。如: the moment, the instant, the minute, the second

等等,意为“一„„

就„„”,引导时间状语从句。如:

(1) The first time I went to China, I visited Beijing. 我第一次来

中国就游览了北京。

(2) I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一

次见到她时就认为她很诚

实。

(3) The instant I saw him I knew he was my brother. 我一看到他就知

道他是我兄弟。

二、作为从属连词,引导状语从句,表示多种语法意义:

1. 表示时间,意为“当„„时;在„„的时候”。

A. 在时间、条件等状语从句里,用一般现在时表示将来时;当需要表达将来

完成的意义时,必须使

用现在完成时来代替。如:

(1) When you see him, please say hello to him. 见到他时,代我问他

好。

(2) When you have finished your experiment, please tidy the lab and

put everything

back in the cupboards. 当你们做完实验后,请把实验室整理好并把

物品放回柜子中。

B. 表示过去发生的事情,在 when 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中,动

作发生在先的用过去完

成时,在后的用过去时。如:

(1) When I was in Japan, I bought some beautiful pearls. 我在日本

时,买了一些漂亮的珍

珠。

(2) When I reached the station, the train had left. 当我到达火车站

时,火车已经开走了。

2. 表示前面的叙述所没有提到过的信息。它总是对所描述的事件予以引人注目

的强调,意为“这时;

突然”;当位于句末的分句具有引种用法时,大致有以下三种情况:

A. when 分句前面的分句使用过去进行时。如:

(1) He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.

他正笑着的时候,门突然 开了,他妻子走了进来。

(2) I was thinking of this when I heard my name called. 我正想着这

件事时,突然听到有人叫我

的名字。

B. when 分句前面的分句使用 was (were) about to, was (were) on the

point 等。如:

(1) We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们刚要出发就开

始下雨了。

(2) He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.

他刚要走就有人敲门。

C. when 分句之前的分句用过去完成时,其中 sb had hardly / scarcely

/barely „ when 已成为固

定词组。如:

(1) We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang. 我们刚刚入睡,

铃声就响了起来。

(2) He had scarcely arrived when he had to leave again. 他刚刚到达

就又要离开了。

3. 表示条件,相当于 if ,引导条件状语从句。如:

How can I get a job when I can't even read or write? 如果我连读和

写都不会,我怎么能找到

工作呢?

4. 表示对比,主要有以下两种情况:

A. 相当于 whereas, while, since, 意为“既然;然而”。如: (1) How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?

既然他们不愿听我的,

我又怎么能帮助他们弄明白呢?

(2)They have only three copies when we need five. 他们只有三本,而

我们却需要五本。

B. when 从句中使用虚拟语气,意为“本来„„却„„”。如: (1) She paid when she could have entered free. 本来可以免费入场,

而她却付了款。

(2) She stopped trying when she might have succeeded next time. 她

本来下次有可能获得成

功,但她却不再尝试了。

(3) They were gossiping, when they should have been working. 他们

本该工作,却在那里说别

人的闲话。

5. 由 when 等引导的状语从句,如果主语与主句的主语一致或是 it ,谓语动

词又含 be 动词时,主语

和 be 动词常常被省略,就变成“ when + V-ing/ V-ed/ adj/ 介词词组”

的结构。如:

(1) When in Rome, do as Romans do. 入乡随俗。

(2) When (we are ) young, we are full of hope. 年轻时,我们大家

总是充满希望。

(3) Don't reach sideways when standing on a ladder. 站在梯子上时,

不要侧着身子去够东西。

2008年12月25日第127期英语语法讲解:listen to,listen for

英语, listen, 语法, 讲解英语, listen, 语法, 讲解

这两个片语都有“听”的意思,但词义有细微的差异。

Listen to表示“静静地听”的意思,多半用于已被听见的场合。例: Fellow students,you should listen to what the teacher says carefully.

同学们,你们要认真地听老师讲课。

We listen to Radio Hong Kong every morning.

每天早上我们收听电台。

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Listen for表示“用心倾听”之意,目的是要找出声音来,多用于尚未听到的场合。

例:

Annie will come in any moment;we are all listening for her footsteps.

安妮可能随时来到,我们大家都在侧耳倾听她的脚步声。

We stood without the gate and listened for the sound of his voice,but in vain.

我们站在门外侧耳倾听他的说话声,但一点也听不到。

Listen in也表示“倾听”的意思,但它专用以指“收听无线电或广播”。如:

I listened in to the President this morning.

今天早上我收听总统演说。

Listen in 也可解作“偷听”如:listen in to a private conversation(窃听私人

谈话)。

2008年12月28日第130期英语语法讲解:however,no matter how 英语, however, matter, 语法, 讲解英语, however, matter, 语法, 讲解

however,no matter how

However和no matter how同义,都表示“无论如何”的意思,又都引导让步状语从句,

但它们的修辞意味和使用场合有所不同。

However是比较正式的用语,大都用于书面语,口语中较少使用;no matter how则比

较口语化,它的语势比however重,故常用在强调的场合。请看下面的例句:

The task must be done,however arduous it may be.

无论多么艰难,这个任务一定要完成。

(试比较一般句:The task must be done though it is arduous.)

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I'll take your words,no matter how harsh they may be.

无论语气多么难听,我还是听你的话的。

(试比较一般句:Although your words are harsh,I'll take them.) However有时可表达“然而”、“可是”之意,出现于句中或句尾。例:

They said that it was so;they were mistaken,however.

他们说事情就是如此,可是他们错了。

与之类似区别的词语很多,例如whatever/no matter what、whenever/no matter when、wherever/no matter where、whichever/no matter which、whoever/no matter who.

2009年2月7日第156期英语语法讲解:advance,advancement advancement, 英语, 语法, 讲解advancement, 英语, 语法, 讲解

advance,advancement

Advance用作名词时,很易和另一名词advancement 混淆不清,因为这两个词都有“前进”、“进步”和“进展”之意。它们的区别如下:

一般说来,advance含有自动的意味,advancement 则含有被动的意味。例如:advance of science是“科学的进步”; advancement of science则是“科学的被人推进”。从下列两个例句,我们可以辨别出它们的区别:

Discovering a cure for AIDS would be a major medical advance. 发现治疗艾滋病的方法将是医学上的一大进展。 We have made a program for the advancement of science. 我们已制定了一个发展科学的规划。

通过上列例句的对比,我们可以联想到 advance in rank 和 advancement in rank;advance in industy和advancement in industry;advance in society和advancement in society等语的涵义区别。

在表示“行军”或“向…行进”的意义时,只能用advance,不可以用advancement.例: They have done their best to resist the advance of the enemy. 他们已尽力阻挡敌人向前推进。

Road blocks were set up to obstruct the advance of the demonstrators.

设置路障是要阻止示威人士前进。 在某些固定的词组里,例如 in advance、in advance of、be on the advance,只能用advance,不可以用advancement.如:

Please pay the bill in advance. 请先付账。

The plane reached Hong Kong ten minutes in advance of its scheduled time. 飞机比预定的时间提早了十分钟到达。

Recently the new stocks are on the advance. 最近新股看涨。

advance一字除用作名词和动词(如 In recent days prices advanced rapidly.近日来,价格猛涨)之外,亦可用作形容词。作形容词时,其意为“预先的”、“在前的”。如:advance notice(预先通知);advance booking (预订/预售(票));advance payment(预先付款);advance copy((发行前的)新书样本); advance party of soldiers(先头)。 值得注意的是,advanced也可用作形容词,但其意为“先进的”、“高级的”。如:advanced ideas(进步的思想);advanced algebra(高等代数);advanced courses(高级课程)。

2009年1月13日第144期英语语法讲解:be ashamed for,be ashamed of

英语, ashamed, 语法, 讲解英语, ashamed, 语法, 讲解

be ashamed for,be ashamed of 这一对形容词短语的涵义并不相同。

To be ashamed for 的意思是“为„(一般指外在的人或事物,如他人)而感到羞耻”;to be ashamed of的意思是“由于„(一般指内在的人或事物,如自己)而感到羞耻”。

例:

I'm ashamed for you. 我为你感到羞耻。 I'm ashamed of you.

我以你为耻。

I felt ashamed for the callousness of the government in tackling land

speculation.

对于处理地产投机态度麻木不仁,我引以为耻。

Are you ashamed of doing such a thing?

你做这样的事感到羞耻吗?

其他因搭配介词不同而含义及用法改变的词语有:

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He is considerate of other people's feelings.

他能体谅别人的感情。

He is considerate to old people.

他对老年人很体贴。 I'm anxious for a change.

我渴望改变一下环境。 I'm anxious about his health.

我为他的健康而担忧。 She did it of herself.

她自愿去做此事。 She did it by herself.

她去做此事。

They are suffering for their country.

他们正在为国受苦。

They are suffering from the war.

他们由于战争而在受难。

2009年1月14日第145期英语语法讲解:award,reward

英语, reward, award, 语法, 讲解英语, reward, award, 语法, 讲解

award,reward

这两个词都可以用作名词和动词,作名词时,意义相近,但不是同义词。

作名词时,award的意思是“奖品”、“奖金”,其义与prize近似,两者都指因为作

出杰出成就而受奖。例:

The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award.

He won the second award of $ 2,000.

而reward作名词时,其意为“赏金”、“酬金”或一些非金钱的报酬。例:

We will offer a reward of ten thousand dollars for information about the case.

如果有人提供有关案件的情报,我们愿意出一万元赏金。

We don't expect substantial rewards.

我们并不期望得到优厚的报酬。

用作动词时,award的意思是“授与”、“颁发”、“判给”;reward则表示“报答”、

“酬谢”之意。例:

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He was awarded the first prize for Outstanding Industrial Design.

他获杰出工业设计一等奖。

We judge awarded him twenty thousand dollars as damages.

法官判给他二万元作为赔偿费。

You should reward them according to their deserts.

你应该对他们行赏。

Is that how you reward me for my help?

你就是这样来报答我给你的帮助吗? reward也可以用于比喻意。例:

I would feel amply rewarded if my book—A Study of English Twins—could be of

some help to the readers.

如果我的书《英语学生词语之研究》对读者有所帮助的话,我就感到心满意足了。

2009年2月2日第151期英语语法讲解:another,the other

英语, 语法, 讲解英语, 语法, 讲解

another,the other

这两个词都表示“另一个”的意思,但涵义和使用场合不同。Another是指不定数目中

的“另一个”;the other是指两个人或两样事物中的“另一个”。

例:

Have another piece of cake.

再吃一块饼吧。

Please fatch another cup for me.

请替我另拿一个杯子来。 That's quite another matter.

那完全是另一回事。

Both my uncles are abroad,one in Paris and the other in New York.

我的两个叔叔都在国外,一个在巴黎,另一个在纽约。

One of them is yours;the other is mine.

一个是你的,另一个是我的。

值得注意的是,当我们在两样事物中任选一样时,应用one or the other;在三样或

三样以上任选一样时,应用 one or other或one or another.

在someone,somehow,somewhere等字后,只能用other,不能用another.例:

We'll have to do it somehow or other. 在下列短语中,other也不能改作another:

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some kind or other some way or other

反之,用one时,则用another,例如:one way or another.在only之后,指唯一的

就用one或other而不用another.

This is the only one/other stile to cross before we reach the wood. 当others和some对比使用在一个句子中,others失去“其他的”意义,而是表示“有

的”或“有些”之义,相当于句中前面的some.例如:

Some like this,others like that. 有些人喜欢这个,自些人喜欢那个。

Some cleaned the blackboards,others mopped the floor.

有些人擦黑板,有些人拖地板。

2009年1月12日第142期英语语法讲解:be going to,will

英语, going, 语法, will, 讲解

be going to,will

Be going to在表示“将要”的意味时,很容易和will混淆不清。

试看下面的对话:

A:The detergent has been used up.

洗洁精已用光了。

B:I'm going to get some today.

C:I'll get some today.

乍然看来,乙和丙的答话的意思是一样的,都是:“今天我要去买些”,其实不然。乙用 am going to get回答甲,其言外之意是:“在甲讲洗洁精用完这句话之前,他早已心中有数,并且早就有去买洗洁精的打算”。丙用will get来回答,表示:“事前并不知道

洗洁精已用完,原先也没有打算去买,直等到甲讲了之后,他才决定去买”。 通过上面的例句,我们可以知道下列对话中乙、丙的回答的不同涵义了:

A:Where is my dictionary? B:I'm going to get it for you.

C:I'll get it for you.

此外,be going to和will还有下列的区别:

(一)be going to表示即将发生的动作;will表示将来发生的事情,不一定是最近期

间之事。例:

She told him she was going to quit the job.

她告诉他,她即将辞职不干。 She will go to Australia next year.

她明年要去澳洲。

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(二) be going to可以用以表示某人打算做某事;will则用以叙述某件将要发生之

事。前者含有主观意愿;后者只是客观的叙述。例: He is not going to be made a scapegoat.

他不会去做替罪羊。

He will not beome a scapegoat.

他不会做替罪羊。

(三)在表示按计划或安排要发生的动作时,可以用be going to;will只表示单纯的

将来,并无按规定或计划之意。例:

The railway is going to be open on October 1.

这条铁路将于十月一日通车。

This railway will be electrified when there is a need.

有需要时,这条铁路将改为电气化。

2008年12月29日第131期英语语法讲解:empty,vacant,hollow 英语, hollow, empty, vacant, 语法英语, hollow, empty, vacant, 语法

empty,vacant,hollow

这一组词都表示“空的”意思,但涵义有所不同

Empty的意思是“里面没有东西”、“一无所有”,具有“空无一物”的隐含意义,它可以用来描绘box、vessel、cupboard、bag、purse、room、house、street、stomach、head

等词。例:

This trunk is empty of its contents.

这只箱子空空如也。 We found the room empty. 我们发现房间里空无一物。

At midnight even the busiest street is empty.

午夜时分,甚至最繁忙的大道上也不见人影。

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Vacant的意思是“闲者的”、“无人占据的”,着重指临时性的情况,如:vacant seat、

vacant apartment、vacant position等。例: We have no vacant position here.

我们这里没有空职。

A vacant seat was found in this compartment.

在这个车厢里找到了一个空的座位。

请注意,当empty和vacant用以修饰同一个名词时,它们的意义有所不同。例如an empty house是既没有家具也没有人居住的空房子;a vacant house是指可能有家具放着,但暂时无人居住的房子。同理,an empty chair是既没有人坐也没有人东西放着的椅子;a vacant

chair是指暂时空着无人坐的椅子。

Hollow的意思是“空心的”、“中空的”、“空洞的”、“下陷的”,它常与tree、ball、cheeks、voice、sound、words、promise等词连用,由此可见,它既可用以指实物的“中空”,亦可指 words、promise、compliments的“虚假”,用于后者场合是比喻意

义。例:

This is a hollow tree. 这是一棵中空的树。

I don't like to hear his hollow words.

我不喜欢听他那些空洞的话。

The tears rolled down her hollow cheeks.

泪水从她下陷的双颊流了下来。 His argument sounds hollow.

他的论点空洞。

2009年1月10日第141期英语语法讲解:borrow,lend 英语, borrow, lend, 语法, 讲解英语, borrow, lend, 语法, 讲解

borrow,lend

这一对动词都是“借”、“借用”的意思,但使用场合不同。

Borrow是“借他人的东西以暂时使用”,表示“从(问)„借”之意,故译“借入”;

其搭配介词为from.例:

May I borrow your car? 我可以借你的汽车用一下吗? Did you borrow money from him ?

你问他借过钱吗?

Some people are good at borrowing but had at giving back.

有些人很会借东西,但很少归还。

Japanese has borrowed heavily from Chinese.

日语从汉语借用了大量的词汇。

Lend是“将自己的东西暂时借给别人使用”,表示“借给„„”之意,故译“借出”;

其搭配介词为to.例:

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Will you lend me your car?

你可否把汽车借给我?

I'm sorry.I've already lent my car to Mr.Wang.

对不起,我已经把我的汽车借给王先生了。

在某些场合下,“lend„to”可以表示“给予”、“赋予”之意。例:

A fireplace lends coziness to a room.

壁炉给房间带来温暖舒适之感。

A becoming dress lends charm to a lady.

合身的服装会给女士增添魅力。

The rural environment lent itself to the restoration of his health.

乡村的环境有助于他恢复健康。

Loan与lend同义,前者大都用于美国,后者大多用于英国: He loaned/lend me all the antiques for exhibition.

他借给我全部古董作为展览之用。

Loan亦可用作名词,如:make a loan(借出);pay off(repay)a loan(偿清或偿

还借款)。例:

He obtained cheap loans from the bank.

他从银行获得低息贷款。

2008年12月26日第128期英语语法讲解:hope,expect

英语, hope, expect, 语法, 讲解英语, hope, expect, 语法, 讲解

hope,expect

这两个词的词义和使用场合都有所不同。

(一)hope表示“希望”的意思;expect则是“等待”和“期望”。就词的使用而言,

expect比hope是个较正式的用语。

(二)一般说来,hope常出于没有把握、没有根据的个人希望或愿望;expect是出于

有把握和根据的期望。

(三)hope可作名词和动词;expect只能用作动词。

下面先看hope的例句:

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I hope for a visit from Mr.Lee though I have no word from him.

虽然我没有收到李先生的信,但是我仍然希望他来看我。

The rain has continued for days and it is hoped that it will clear up in the

next couple of days.

雨连续下了多天;希望以后数天会转晴。

We hurried to the train station in the hope of meeting our old friend.

我们匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站。希望能见到我们的老友。

在上面第一和第二个句子中,hope是动词;在第三句中,hope是名词。

下面是expect的例句:

I expect a visit from Mr.Zhang since he has written me that he is coming.

张先生写了一封信给我,说他就要来,所以我在等他来。

Torrential rain,squalls and wind were expected and the weather forecast warned

that downpours would bring more flooding and landslides.

暴雨和狂风预期还会来。气象预报警告,大雨将会带来更多的大水泛滥及山泥倾泻。

在美国口语里,expect可用以表示“料想”、“以为”之意。例如:

I expect you met him in the meeting yesterday.

我以为你昨日在大会上已碰到他了。

注:在美国,hope之后接that引导的宾语从句,从句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时,它可以代替一般将来时态。例:I hope that I see him there.这里的see等于will see.

2008年12月24日第126期英语语法讲解:invaluable,valueless 英语, invaluable, valueless, 语法, 讲解英语, invaluable, valueless, 语

法, 讲解

这一对形容词都是来自名词value.一个是在形容词valuable(有价值的)之前加上否定形容词前缀in-;另一个是在名词value(价值)的后面加上否定形容词后缀-less.虽然它们

都是加上否定的形容词词缀,意义刚好相反。

Invaluable的意思是“非常贵重的”,(highly valuable,precious),其同义词是

priceless.例:

Your services are invaluable to us.

你对我们的帮助是极其宝贵的。

This jade bracelet is really an invaluable to article.

这件玉镯确实是非常贵重的物品。

Valueless的意思是“毫无价值的”,其同义词是worthless.例:

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That book is valueless. 那本书毫无价值可言。

现将这两个字用在一个句中,以便区别:

The book that he considered valueless proved invaluable to us.

他认为毫无价值的那本书对我们说来却是无价之宝。

请注意,costly和invaluable的内涵并不一样,前者是“某物因精美或珍奇而昂贵”,

后者则指“价值大得无法以金钱衡量。”

2008年12月23日第125期英语语法讲解:join,join in,join to

英语, join, 语法, 讲解英语, join, 语法, 讲解

join,join in,join to

Join的基本词义是“加入某个党派或社会团体,从而成为该党派或团体的一员”。例:

When did they join the conservation organization?

他们是什么时候参加环保组织的?

The prodigy joined the International Association of Poets,

Playwrights,Editors,Essayists and Novelists(PEN)when he was only fourteen

years old.

这位天才在十四岁时便成为国际笔会会员。

Join in的意思是“参加某项运动或活动”,例如参加讨论、、罢工等。例:

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More than ten thousand workers have joined in this strike.

有一万多名工人参加了此次罢工。

All of us will join in the celebration of the victory of World War Ⅱ.

我们全都参加这次庆祝世界二次大战胜利的活动。

There were many extracurricular activities,but Peter never joined in.

尽管有很多课外活动,但彼德从不参加。 Join to的意思是“和„接触”、“与„相连”。例:

Our house is joined to Mr.So's. 我们的房子和苏先生的房子相连。

请注意,join之后如接 oneself再加to,就表示“参加”、“加入”的意思。如: To my surprise,Mr.Li joined himself to the opposite party last month.

令我惊奇的是,上个月李先生竟然参加了反对党。

2008年12月22日第124期英语语法讲解:laugh,laughter 英语, laughter, 语法, 讲解英语, laughter, 语法, 讲解

这两个词都表示“笑”的意思,但涵义和使用场合有所不同。它们的区别如下:

(一)laugh可以用作动词和名词;laughter只能用作名词。

(二)用作名词时,laugh是可数名词,可以用a修饰,也可以有复数形式;laughter

是不可数名词,不能用a修饰,也没有复数形式。

(三)laugh是通过转词法(conversion)由动词to laugh转变而来;laughter是通

过词缀法(affixation)由动词to laugh派生而来。

(四)laugh的词义比较具体,指某一次或某一个具体的行动;laughter的词义比较一

般,通常只表达抽象的概念。 下面先看两个laugh的例句:

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He laughed a loud laugh.

他大笑一声。

We laughed at the enemies for their timidity and incapacity.

我们嘲笑敌人的胆怯和。

They have had a good many laughs over his foolishness.

他们曾多次嘲笑他愚蠢。 下面是 laughter的例句:

His jokes sent everybody roaring with laughter.

他的笑话使每个人捧腹大笑。

As they listened to my story,they gave a laugh from time to time;I don't know

how my story caused so much laughter.

他们一边听我讲故事,一边不时地哈哈大笑;我真不懂我的故事为什么这么好笑。 在此句中,laugh和laughter用在一起,我们可从中看到 laugh之前可以加a,词义

比较具体;laughter是不可数名词,词义比较抽象。

请注意,laughing是动名词,其后也不能加-s,它强调笑的动作。例:

I nearly died of laughing!

我几乎笑得要死! It is no laughing matter.

此事不可言笑。(意指此事非儿戏,是正经事

2008年12月18日第121期英语语法讲解:far,by far

英语, far, 语法, 讲解英语, far, 语法, 讲解

作程度副词时,far和by far近义;far表示“很”、“极”、“大大地”(much)或“太/过于”(too much)的意思,by far是“最为„/更为„”的意思。二者使用时有下列

两点需要注意:

(一)far经常用在形容词比较级之前,而by far一般多用在最高级之前,例:

It is far colder today than yesterday.

今天的天气比昨天冷得多。

Among these five gadgets,this one is by far the most useful.

在这五个新玩意儿中,这个最为有用。 This is by far the better method.

这方法比另一个更完善得多。

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(二)使用by far时,随后的形容词最高级及比较级都附有定冠词the,而far之后

的比较级形容词则没有the.例:

She is by far the best of the students in class.

她是班里最好的学生。

She is far better than the other students.

她比其他学生更优秀。

The other boy,who was two years older and by far bigger than he,had by far

the worst of the assault.

—Thackeray

此外,far可以与too及原级形容词连用,义为“太/过于”,而by far则不可。例:

It is far too dangerous to go out in a storm.

暴风中外出是太过危险。

He is far too busy to deal with trifles.

他太忙碌,无暇处理琐碎事情。 在下列短语中,请注意far的词序和搭配:

far better;better by far;by far the better;by far the best;far and away the

best(此语语气最强,一般作口头语用)

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