专业英语八级模拟试卷及答案解析(3)

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专业英语八级模拟试卷及答案解析（3） (1~16/共26题) Play00:0010:53 Volume

第1题

Maslow´s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which can be arranged in order of【T1】______.【T1】______ Physiological needs: the most【T2】______ ones for survival. They【T2】______ include such needs as food, water, etc. And there is usually one way to【T3】______these needs.【T3】______ 【T4】______ needs: needs for a)physical security:【T4】______ b)【T5】______ security.【T5】______ The former means no【T6】______, while the latter is concerned with【T6】______ freedom from【T7】______, misfortunes, etc. These needs can be met【T7】______ through a variety of means, e.g. job security,【T8】______ plans, and【T8】______ safe working conditions. Social needs: human requirements for a)【T9】______:【T9】______ b)a sense of belonging. There are two ways to satisfy these needs: a)formation of relationships at workplace: b)formation of relationships outside workplace. Esteem needs: a)self-esteem i.e. one´s sense of achievement b)esteem of others, i.e. others´ respect as a result of one´s【T10】______.【T10】______ These needs can be fulfilled by【T11】______, etc.【T11】______ Self-realization needs: needs to realize one´s potential. Ways to realize these needs are individually【T12】______.【T12】______ Features of the hierarchy of needs: a)Social, esteem and self-realization needs are exclusively 【T13】______needs.【T13】______ b)Needs are satisfied in a fixed order from the bottom up. c)【T14】______ for needs comes from the lowest un-met level.【T14】______ d)Different levels of needs may【T15】______ when they come【T15】______ into play. 第2题【T1】第3题【T2】第4题【T3】第5题【T4】第6题【T5】第7题【T6】第8题【T7】第9题【T8】第10题【T9】第11题【T10】第12题

【T11】第13题【T12】第14题【T13】第15题【T14】第16题【T15】下一题

(17~21/共26题) Play00:0005:20 Volume

第17题 16．

A.She felt bored. B.She felt lonely.

C.She cherished them. D.The subject was easy. 第18题 17．

A.She just followed the crowd.

B.Someone else gave her the advice. C.She was interested in that area. D.She conceded to her parents´ thoughts.

第19题 18．

A.The teachers just gave lectures and asked students to read books. B.The teachers were excellent and they had a special teaching method.

C.The teachers described a particular situation and told students what might happen. D.The teachers ask students to do some reading and confirm teachers´ ideas. 第20题 19．

A.Doing surveys at workplace. B.Analyzing survey results. C.Designing questionnaires. D.Taking a psychology course. 第21题 20．

A.The nature of work. B.Office decoration. C.Office location. D.Work procedures. 上一题下一题

(22~26/共26题) Play00:0005:12 Volume 第22题 21．

A.She felt unhappy inside the company. B.She felt work there too demanding.

C.She was denied promotion in the company. D.She longed for new opportunities.

第23题 22．

A.She was willing and ready. B.She sounded mildly eager. C.She was a bit surprised. D.She sounded very reluctant. 第24题 23．

A.She learned how to do word processing. B.She did a secretarial course.

C.She taught others typing and shorthand. D.She got a job in an advertising agency. 第25题 24．

A.She would do experimental design only.

B.She would continue to be an administrative assistant. C.She would be a teacher. D.She aimed to be a lecturer.

第26题 25．

A.A career path the company would encourage Miss Green to take. B.The salary and welfare the company would offer. C.An MA in Experimental Psychology. D.The courses Miss Green would take. 上一题下一题

(27~30/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

(1)Distant indeed seem the days when the two great rivals of commercial aviation, Boeing and Airbus, would use big air shows to trumpet hundreds of new orders. This year´s Paris Air Show was a much more sombre affair, even if the Boeing-Airbus feud still took centre stage.

deliver more aircraft this year than last. Both firms built up huge backlogs in the fat years: each has orders for about 3,500 planes.

(3)But many of those may soon evaporate. Giovanni Bisignani, the boss of IATA, the trade body that speaks for most airlines, gave warning earlier this month that his members might defer as many as 30% of aircraft deliveries next year. He also almost doubled his forecast for the industry´s cumulative losses in 2009, to $ 9 billion.

(4)Both Mr. Leahy and Jim McNerney, the chief executive of Boeing, think that Mr. Bisignani is overdoing the gloom. But they concede that potential customers may find purchases hard to finance. Another issue is the cost of fuel. Mr. McNerney thinks the recent increase in the oil price should encourage carriers to replace elderly gas guzzlers with efficient new planes. But if the price \"spikes over $ 100\" all bets are off.

(5)The two aviation giants agree on one other thing: the industry will not get a successor to its ubiquitous short-haul workhorses, the 737 and the A320, for more than a decade. That is partly because the 15 - 20% efficiency gain that airlines say they want from the next generation is, says Mr. McNerney, \"a bar that keeps moving north\" thanks to the continuous improvements of 1% -2% a year that the manufacturers are making to existing planes.

(6)Moreover, both Boeing and Airbus are conserving cash for a long and bitter scrap to dominate the market for long-haul aircraft with up to 350 seats. Boeing´s troubled 787 Dreamliner will at last take to the air this month, two years late. The production problems that stemmed from both the revolutionary use of composites and an extended global supply chain appear to have been overcome. To speed up deliveries of the 787, for which Boeing has received more than 860 orders, Mr. McNerney is planning a second assembly line.

(7)The delays to the 787 have been a godsend for Airbus. Its rival, the slightly bigger A350, is on track to fly in early 2012 after a painful gestation. With nearly 500 orders, Airbus claims that the A350 is selling even faster than the record-breaking 787 did at the same stage in its development. The biggest concern for Boeing, however, is not that the A350 will take sales from the 787, but that its largest variant, the A350-1000, will be a strong rival to its successful 777. Mr. McNerney says that Boeing can afford to wait and see how great a threat the biggest A350 is. But according to Airbus executives, Boeing will be faced with the dilemma of merely upgrading the 777 or taking the bigger and more costly step of building a replacement.

(8)The A350 and the 787 are at the heart of the long-running and acrimonious dispute between Boeing and Airbus at the World Trade Organisation(WTO)over state subsidies for large commercial aircraft. This week European governments declared that they were ready to contribute 3.5 billion($ 4.9 billion)of reimbursable launch aid to the 11 billion cost of developing the A350. The announcement had Boeing executives scurrying to their BlackBerrys to condemn what they saw as a \"provocative\" move given that the WTO is expected to issue a ruling on Boeing´s complaint within weeks(a ruling on a counter-complaint by Airbus is due later in the year).

(9)Louis Gallois, the chief executive of EADS, the parent company of Airbus, denied there was anything odd about the timing: \"We do not plead guilty,\" he said. \"Our support is much more transparent than Boeing´s. We have fully repaid with interest the support we received for the A320 and A330 and we are already paying back on the A380(super-jumbo). \" Tom Enders, the chief executive of Airbus, added that the aid was aimed only at \"levelling the playing field\" and that the European Union had described the 787 as the most subsidised commercial aircraft in

history.

第27题

It can be inferred from Para. 1 that Boeing and Airbus______.

A.have not suffered from a reduction of new orders until this year B.did not compete with each other intensely in the past C.used to advertise their success in business at air shows D.would have to resolve their rivalry as early as possible 第28题

According to the passage, Airbus and Boeing shared the following challenges EXCEPT______. A.financial trouble of potential customers B.labour dispute with their employees C.risk of oil price higher than $ 100

D.difficulties in developing new aircrafts

第29题

Boeing executives found the announcement of Airbus \"provocative\" because______. A.Airbus received higher subsidies than Boeing

B.Airbus received new subsidies while the old dispute remained unsolved C.Airbus didn´t have to repay the newly announced subsidies D.WTO ruling is expected to be in Airbus´s favour 第30题

Which type of the aircrafts mentioned in the passage will be the last to begin delivery? A.Boeing 787. B.Boeing 777. C.A380. D.A350.

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(31~34/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

(1)Scientist, engineer, musician and great artist, Leonardo da Vinci is the archetypal Renaissance man. This undisputed genius, who lived to be 67, was also one of history´s most accomplished underachievers. He started many projects he did not finish: he accepted commissions he never began: his many planned treatises remained just notes. Only 18 of his paintings survive. Half of them are included in a show that opened on November 9th at London´s National Gallery, making this the most important da Vinci display ever.

(2)The artist was born near Florence in 1452 and went to Milan at the age of 30. Luke Syson, the show´s curator, has come to believe that the freedom da Vinci enjoyed there as court painter to Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, was the key that unlocked his genius. (3)Mr. Syson´s contention that Leonardo´s great breakthrough came in Milan and not later in Florence, as has generally been accepted until now, has captivated curators, collectors and museum directors who have been generous in loaning works to the show: from the Vatican, Prague, Cracow, Paris and the Royal Collection.

(4)All the pictures on show were painted during da Vinci´s 18 years in Milan. Never has it been

possible to see so many of da Vinci´s paintings together. There are also some 50 drawings, including the monumental Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist(sometimes called The Burlington House Cartoon).

(5)The one picture missing from this period is The Last Supper, which is painted on a wall. This work, which is badly damaged, is represented here by a large photograph and a near-contemporary(though far inferior)copy. In pages from a notebook da Vinci´s slanted \"mirror\" writing describes the guests at a dinner. With a novelist´s interest in detail, he carefully observed the shrug of one man´s shoulders, the position of another´s hands, the scowl on one face and the frown on yet one more.

(6)The exhibition is arranged thematically: in addition to \"Beauty and Love\" , there is also \"Character and Emotion\" and \"Body and Soul\". The visitor quickly comes face to face with The Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, also known as The Lady with an Ermine. Although the image is familiar from reproductions, the radiance of the painting is surprising. Further along is an unfinished, yet searing, Saint Jerome. For the first time, both versions of The Virgin of the Rocks, one the National Gallery´s own and the other belonging to the Louvre, are shown together.

(7)The two versions hang at opposite ends of the long exhibition space. The more one looks at the two pictures, the more visible are the differences between them: the strangely formed rocks in the Louvre´s version create a protective atmosphere, whereas in the National Gallery´s painting the rocks seem quite eerie, contributing to the overall sepulchral feel of the work.

(8)As a philosopher and scientist, da Vinci strove to understand what he observed in his close studies of nature. Art was an expression of his thoughts. The Lady with an Ermine shows the Duke of Milan´s teenage mistress in a fashionable red gown, its slit sleeves revealing a pale underdress. Da Vinci, always fascinated by knots, carefully details the way the black ribbons are tied on Cecilia´s left sleeve. Her right arm is in shadow. The ties on that sleeve are sketchy. The artist has taken into account his observation that visual acuity declines in the dark. The brain fills in necessary information. The sketchiness of the right sleeve helps bring the portrait to life, creating what Walter Pater, a 19th-century British essayist and art critic, described as a \" reality which almost amounts to illusion\".

(9)Da Vinci would sometimes spend years thinking about a single painting. Mr. Syson hopes visitors to the National Gallery will, in turn, look long and hard at these works. Advance tickets for entry to the end of the year had sold out by the opening day. The show does not close until February 5th 2012, but advance tickets for its final weeks are going fast. Meanwhile, the only way to get in now is to queue for one of the 500 tickets being held back for sale each morning. The security checks are elaborate, but the wait is well worth it. 第31题

The original The Last Supper is not displayed at the show because______. A.its replica looks better B.it cannot be moved C.it is not kept in London

D.it does not fit into the theme of the show 第32题

Which of the following words can BEST describe the style of Leonardo da Vinci´s paintings? A.Radiant. B.Exquisite.

C.Exotic. D.Sketchy. 第33题

Which of the following statements contains a pun? A....the key that unlocked his genius.(Para.2) B.Mr. Syson´s contention...has captivated curators...(Para.3)

C....the monumental Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist...(Para. 4) D....an unfinished, yet searing, Saint Jerome.(Para. 6) 第34题 The author´s attitude towards Leonardo da Vince is______. A.critical B.neutral C.curious D.praising

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(35~37/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

(1)One of the paradoxes of human biology is that the rich world has fewer children than the poor world. In most species, improved circumstances are expected to increase reproductive effort, not reduce it, yet as economic development gets going, country after country has experienced what is known as the demographic transition: fertility(defined as the number of children borne by a woman over her lifetime)drops from around eight to near one and a half. That number is so small that even with the reduced child mortality which usually accompanies development it cannot possibly sustain the population.

(2)This reproductive collapse is particularly worrying because it comes in combination with an increase in life expectancy which suggests that, by the middle of the century, not only will populations in the most developed countries have shrunk(unless they are propped up by historically huge levels of immigration)but also that the number of retired individuals supported by each person of working age will increase significantly. If Mikko Myrskyla of the University of Pennsylvania and his colleagues are correct, though, things might not be quite as bad as that. A study they have just published in Nature suggests that as development continues, the demographic transition goes into reverse.

(3)Dr. Myrskyla compared two things. One was the total fertility rate(the number of children that would be born to a woman in a particular country over the course of her life if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates observed in that country during the calendar year in question). The other was the human development index for that country. The HDI, a measure used by the United Nations, has three components: life expectancy: average income per person: and level of education. Its maximum possible value is one.

HDI rose. By 2005, though, the line had a kink in it. Above an HDI of 0.9 or so, it turned up, producing what is known in the jargon as a \" J-shaped\" curve(even though it is the mirror image of a letter J). In many countries with really high levels of development(around 0.95)fertility rates are now approaching two children per woman. There are exceptions, notably Canada and Japan, but the trend is clear.

(5)Why this change has come about, and why the demographic transition happens in the first place, are matters of debate. There are lots of social explanations of why fertility rates fall as countries become richer. The increasing ability of women in the developed world to control their own reproductive output is one, as is the related phenomenon of women entering the workplace in large numbers. The increasing cost of raising children in a society with more material abundance plays a part. So does the substitution of nationalised social-security systems for the support of offspring in old age. Falling rates of child mortality are also significant. Conversely, Dr. Myrskyla speculates that the introduction of female-friendly employment policies in the most developed countries allows women to have the best of both worlds, and that this may contribute to the uptick.

(6)No doubt all these social explanations are true as far as they go, but they do not address the deeper question of why people´s psychology should have evolved in a way that makes them want fewer children when they can afford more. There is a possible biological explanation, though. 第35题

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the falling fertility rate in many developed countries?

A.Higher cost of raising children. B.More material abundance.

C.Better availability of birth control measures. D.Improved social-security systems. 第36题

The following statements are consistent with Dr. Myrskyla´s view about demographic transition EXCEPT that______.

A.the fertility rate in Canada doesn´t rise because of the lack of female-friendly employment policies

B.some countries experience another transition: fertility rate rises as they become more developed

C.the rising female employment does not always result in reduced reproductive output D.HDI is an important indicator for a country´s level of development 第37题

What is the role of the 4th paragraph in the development of the topic?

A.To illustrate that fertility rates in some highly developed countries began to rise. B.To show that countries like Canada and Japan remain low fertility rates. C.To explain how demographic transition occurred from 1975 to 2005. D.To indicate that the trend of HDI is unrelated to fertility rates. 上一题下一题

(38~40/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20

multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

(1)Detroit seems to be where Wall Street meets Main Street. Tight credit is reckoned to have cost the American carmakers 40,000 sales in August, worth about $ 1 billion in revenue. The impact has been felt most by America´s Big Three—General Motors, Ford and Chrysler—which have suffered this year as consumers shunned gas-guzzlers in favour of the smaller cars mostly made by Japanese firms in American factories. Overall light-vehicle sales hit a 15-year low in September, with a fall of 27% compared with a year earlier. The problem is finance. \"We have plenty of customers—what we don´t have is financing available to meet their needs,\" Mike Jackson, chief executive of AutoNation, a leading car-dealer chain, told CNBC this week. He reckons that tighter credit and limits on finance for leases have cost his firm a fifth of its sales this year.

(2)The Big Three have been hit by petrol prices pushing towards $ 4 a gallon, by more demanding federal fuel-economy rules and by the credit crunch wrecking consumer finance. But the federal government came to their aid this week when George Bush signed an energy bill that includes $ 25 billion in loan guarantees to ease their pain. Supposedly this is to allow the Big Three to retool their factories to produce more economical vehicles. David Cole, director of the Centre for Automotive Research, an industry body, estimates that such retooling could cost at least

$ 100 billion. But money is money, so the infusion of cheap credit will help the carmakers pay their bills next year. \" Given the market position of the Big Three, things will get sticky by mid-2009, because they have to keep spending on new programmes,\" says Joe Philippi of Auto Trends, a consultancy.

(3)The rules are still being worked out, but the deal means that car companies—blessed with the government guarantee—should get loans with an interest rate of around 5% rather than the 15% they would face on the open market in today´s conditions. The stipulation that the loans are only for firms with factories at least 20 years old rules out nearly all the \"transplant\" factories that foreign carmakers built in America to get around tariff barriers. And even if some Japanese carmakers do qualify for loans, they are not expected to ask for them.

(4)So a sum that seemed preposterous only a few months ago has won overwhelming approval from politicians. Compared with the demand for $ 700 billion to underpin the financial system, who can complain about a mere $ 25 billion for carmakers? And using government money to keep honest, hardworking car-industry workers in their jobs is easier for politicians to justify than handouts for greedy Wall Street bankers. The sales-pitch is even more compelling in an election year.

(5)Once industrial subsidies like this begin to flow, it is difficult to stop them. A recent study by the Cato Institute, a right-wing think-tank, found that the federal government spent some $ 92 billion subsidising business in 2006 alone. Only $ 21 billion of that went to farmers: much of the rest went to firms such as Boeing, IBM and GE in the form of export-credit support and various research subsidies.

(6)The Big Three are already complaining that it will take too long to dish out the money, and they want the process speeded up. They also want a further $ 25 billion, possibly attached to the second version of the Wall Street rescue bill. The logic of bailing out Wall Street is that finance underpins everything. Detroit cannot begin to make that claim. But, given its successful lobbying,

can it be long before ailing airlines and failing retailers join the queue?

第38题

American carmakers, especially the Big Three, are in deep trouble because of the following factors EXCEPT

A.the increasingly high petrol prices

B.the impact of imported cars from other countries like Japan C.the tighter credit which impairs customers´ finance capability D.the consumers´ preference to more fuel-efficient vehicles 第39题

The passage suggests that in fact______can receive the guaranteed loans. A.all carmakers in need of retooling

B.old U. S. carmakers and dealers caught in trouble C.factories of foreign carmakers in the U. S. D.major carmakers like the Big Three

第40题

Politicians approve the loan guarantee for carmakers because of the following reasons EXCEPT that______.

A.the money needed just becomes available B.the bankers receive a much larger sum C.they hope to win more votes by doing so D.the car industry needs help 上一题下一题

(15/22)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

PASSAGE ONE 上一题下一题

(16/22)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

PASSAGE TWO

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(43~45/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

Why is the reproductive collapse particularly worrying? 第44题

What does \"the line had a kink in it\"(Para.4)mean?

第45题

What does the word \"uptick\" at the end of the 5th paragraph refer to? 上一题下一题

(46~48/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

第46题 What´s the author´s attitude towards the industrial subsidy policy of the government? 第47题

What is the function of the 5 th paragraph in the passage?

第48题

What does \"that claim\" in the last paragraph refer to? 上一题下一题

(49~58/共10题)PART III LANGUAGE USAGE

Schools throughout the world are experiencing a period of

rapid change and, in many cases, are finding that extremely【M1】______ difficult to achieve a balance among a number of critical concerns. Some of the issues that educators and schools are facing include

certainty about what academic and cultural knowledge and skills【M2】______ will be needed by students in the future, wholesale revisions of curricula, experimentation in teaching strategies, the need for

teachers and students to become aware and competent in using【M3】______ new technologies, dramatic changes in bureaucratic and legislating【M4】______ policies and regulations, and increased demands on teachers. With the exception of the education system in the United

States, perhaps no education system has been studied more【M5】______

intensively than of Japan. In 2001, in a well-balanced presentation【M6】______ of the Japanese model of schooling, including its similarities to

and fro differences with that in the United States, Tsuneyoshi【M7】______ characterized the American approach to education as one that places an emphasis on competitiveness, individual attention from teachers along with individual accomplishment on the part of students, development of cognitive abilities, and separation of

teachers in terms of their disciplines. In contrary, the Japanese【M8】______ approach(particularly at the elementary school level)focuses on the \"whole child\"; close interactions between teachers and pupils for long periods of time in cooperative settings with attention to

collected goals, tasks, and rewards; and efforts to provide the same【M9】______ or very similar treatment for all students. One advantage of the

American approach that is seriously missed in the Japanese【M10】______ approach is the former´s attention to diversity and a sensitivity and

concern for minority rights.

第49题【M1】第50题【M2】第51题【M3】第52题【M4】第53题【M5】第54题【M6】第55题【M7】第56题【M8】第57题【M9】第58题【M10】

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(1/1)PART IV TRANSLATION 第59题

我的藏书都像是我的朋友，而且是密友。我虽然对它们并不是每一本都认识，它们中的每一本却都认识我。我每一走进我的书斋，书籍们立即活跃起来，我仿佛能听到它们向我问好的声音，我仿佛能看到它们向我招手的情景，倘若有人闯我，书籍的嘴在什么地方?而手又在什么地方呢?我只能说：“你的根器太浅，努力修持吧。有朝一日，你会明白的。” 我兀坐在书斋中，忘记了尘世的一切不愉快的事情，怡然自得。以世界之广，宇宙之大，此时却仿佛只有我和我的书友存在。窗外粼粼碧水，丝丝垂柳，阳光照在玉兰花的肥大的绿叶子上，这都是我平常最喜爱的东西，现在也都视而不见了。连平常我喜欢听的鸟鸣声“光棍儿好过”，也听而不闻了。上一题下一题

(1/1)PART V WRITING 第60题

there might not be sufficient jobs for young people to enter the job market because older people are still working. That´s a possible negative result of delaying the retirement age, and policymakers need to be alert to it. Beijing Youth Daily: The ministry said Chinese workers retire at a quite early age. What they haven´t told us is Chinese people´s average life expectancy is low compared with people in developed countries. Japanese males retire five years later than Chinese males but they live about eight years longer. Therefore it is not fair for Chinese workers to retire at the same age as their counterparts in developed economies. The general public Satsu from Japan: In Japan people who officially retire at the age of 60 can still work for several years(until 65)for half or less of their last salary because the retirement allowance is not enough for a decent life after work. The official state pension sets in at the age of 65(probably soon 67)only. Eudaimonia from Greece: I think that it should be relevant to the type of work that the person is doing and the average life expectancy in the country. What this means? This means that, for example: —If somebody works in very poor working conditions, he should get early retirement. —There´s absolutely no reason for women to retire earlier than men: if anything, it should be the other way around since women live longer. Tigerfish from the UK: We´ve done it in the UK too, but the problem is that we still have a huge youth unemployment problem. Employers are not taking on the new graduates and school leavers, so they just hang around on the streets and cause problems and manual workers are just not fit enough to keep going, and end up needing more medical help. Vivian from China: The retirement age should be left as it is. If people want to retire earlier they should be encouraged to do so. The whole idea is to give young people a chance to fill these positions and get a start in life. Icwu from France: Delaying the retirement age to 65 for men and 60 for women makes sense. However, it´s even better if it´s coupled with delaying job entry for youths by 1 - 2 years by introducing military training or community service(like the peace corps practice in the US in the past)or non-paid apprentice training(like that practiced in Germany)for our youths. These options will not only benefit our youths but also solve many employment problems as a result of delayed retirement. Laowai2 from the US: The same thing is happening in most countries with a welfare system. People are living longer, so they require pensions for more years. In China´s case, women are probably receiving pensions for over 20 years. Although people pay into a pension fund, this does not cover their future pensions. Pensions are financed out of current taxation, so it is our children who will actually fund our pensions. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. 上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析 (1~16/共26题) Play00:0010:53 Volume [听力原文]

听力原文： Maslow´s Hierarchy of Needs Good morning, everybody. Today´s lecture is about Abraham Maslow´s hierarchy of needs. This seems like a psychological topic. Actually, it is something psychological. Abraham Maslow is a psychologist, and he´s especially known for his theory of human needs.

OK, first of all, what is a need? Here, we can simply define it as a personal requirement.

Maslow believed that humans are \"wanting\" beings who seek to fulfill a variety of needs. According to his theory, these needs can be arranged in an order according to their importance. It is this order that has become known as Maslow´s hierarchy of needs.

In this hierarchy of needs, at the most basic level are physiological needs. Fundamentally, humans are just one species of animal. We need to keep ourselves alive. Physiological needs are what we require for survival. These needs include food and water, shelter, and sleep. At this level, for us humans, Maslow also includes the need for clothing. How are these needs usually satisfied? It is mainly through adequate wages.

Then, what is the next level of needs? At the next level are safety needs, the things we require for physical and emotional security. Physical security is easy to understand. Everybody needs to keep his body safe from injury, illness, etc. Then, what is emotional security? Well, that´s maybe the point in this hierarchy of needs where humans begin to differ from other animals. We are thinking animals. We have worries. What if I lost my job? What if I were struck down by a severe disease? Besides physical security, we need to think we are safe from misfortunes both now and in the foreseeable future. How can these needs be met then? According to Maslow, safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans, and safe working conditions.

After this stage come the levels of needs that are particular to human beings. The immediately following levels are the social needs. Under this category, Maslow puts our requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging. We need to be loved. We need to belong to a group, not just the family, in which we can share with others a common interest. In Maslow´s view, these needs can be satisfied through the work environment and some informal organizations. Certainly, we also need social relationships beyond the workplace, for example, with family and friends. Next, the level of esteem needs. What are esteem needs then? They include both the need of self-esteem and the need of esteem of others. Self-esteem is a sense of our own achievements and worth. We need to believe that we are successful, we are no worse, if no better, than others. The esteem of others is the respect and recognition we gain from other people, either through work or our activities in other social groups. The ways to satisfy esteem needs include personal achievements.promotion to more responsible jobs, various honors and awards, and other forms of recognition.

What follows is the top level of this hierarchy of needs. These are the self-realization needs. In other words, they are the needs to grow and develop as people, the needs to become all that we are capable of being. They are the most difficult needs to satisfy. Whether one can achieve this level or not perhaps determines whether one can be a great man or just an ordinary man. Of course, it depends on different people. The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career after retirement could quite well satisfy their self-realization needs. Well for other people, it could be becoming \"the best there is\" in certain areas: it could be becoming the President of the IBM. Anyway, being \"great\" or ordinary is what others think, while self-realization is largely individual.

Maslow suggested that people work to satisfy their physiological needs first, then their safety needs, and so on up the \"needs ladder.\" In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest level that remain unsatisfied. However, needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. If the majority of a person´s physiological and safety needs are satisfied, that person will be motivated primarily by social

needs. But any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role. OK, that´s the general picture of Maslow´s hierarchy of needs. Just to sum up, I´ve briefly introduced to you Maslow´s theory. Maslow thinks there are five kinds of human needs, with each one being more important than the preceding one. I hope that you´ve found his ideas interesting. 第1题

参：您的答案：未作答答案解析：第2题【T1】

参： importance

详细解答：解析：跟据马斯洛的理论，人类的需要是按照他们重要性的顺序来分类的，原文中此处的表达是according to their importance，所以空格处填入importance或者their importance。第3题【T2】

参： basic／／fundamental

详细解答：解析：原文在谈到physiological needs时说到“在人的需要层次中，生理需要是最基本的层次。”因此这里应该填basic或者填它的同义词fundamental。本句介绍5种需要中的第一种，有最高级the most修饰，basic为此句的要点，应在笔记中记下。即使此词未能记下，也可根据上文(in order of importance)和句意将此空填出。第4题【T3】

参： satisfy

详细解答：解析：在谈到生理需要时，录音提到，这些需要通常是如何被满足的呢，主要

是通过足够的工资，原文中是被动句，用了satisfied，空格处为主动用法，所以答案为satisfy。第5题【T4】

参： Safety

详细解答：解析：根据原文，第二个层次的需求是对安全的需要，原文中提到At the next level are safety needs。因此这里应该填入Safety。注意S要大写。第6题【T5】

参： emotional／／mental

详细解答：解析：根据原文，对安全的需要包括“身体安全”和“情感安全”的需求，因此这里应该填入emotional。原文在谈到safety needs时提到2种安全需要，physical security和emotional security，后文紧接着对这2种安全需要予以解释。这些要点应当记录下来。考生也可依据physical security推导出与其对应的“精神安全”。第7题【T6】

参： illness or injury 详细解答：解析：身体上的安全很容易理解，每个人都需要使身体免受伤害以及疾病等等，the former指的是physical security．所以答案为原文中from之后的injury，illness，etc．也可以为同义表达illness or injury。第8题【T7】

参： worries／／worry／／diseases／／uneasiness／／illness／／unhappiness／／pressure／／anxiety(ies)／／sadness／／misery(ies)／／predicament 详细解答：解析：在解释情感需求的时候，原文提到：“我们有各种担心，要是我丢掉了工作该怎么办?要是我突然病了怎么办?”因此这里应该填入worries。录音原文提到了worries和disease，除此之外，考生可依靠常识和试题中的关键词(misfortunes)填入一个合适的同义、近义词。第9题【T8】

参： pension／／insurance／／retirement

详细解答：解析：原文在谈到如何满足对安全的需求时提到，“马斯洛认为，安全需求可以通过安稳的工作、健康保险、养老计划和安全的工作条件等来得到满足”，因此这里应填入pension。第10题【T9】

参： love and affection 详细解答：解析：在社会需要方面，人类有爱和喜爱的要求，所以答案为love and affection。第11题【T10】

参： performance／／work／／activities／／success／／achievement(s)／／effort 详细解答：解析：原文谈到“尊重的需要”时提到：“他人的尊重指我们在别的社会群体中的工作或者行动得到别人的尊敬和认可。”因此这里应填入work或activities。还可根据句意填入其他词，即别人对自己的尊重是因为自己的工作表现、业绩、成功等等。第12题

【T11】

参： achievement，promotion，honours

详细解答：解析：实现尊重的需要包括个人的成就，升到责任更重大的工作，许多奖励，以及其他的实现形式，原文中列举的项目比较多，空格处可以选几项，答案为achievement，promotion，honours。第13题【T12】

参： different／／varied／／dissimilar

详细解答：解析：原文在谈到自我实现的需求时提到：“这取决于不同的人，人们满足自我实现需要的方法因人而异。”因此这里应该填入different或varied,dissimilar。第14题【T13】

参： human／／individual／／spiritual

详细解答：解析：短文说明了各种需要与人的关系，即：生理需要适用于包括人在内的一切动物；人与动物都有安全需要，但需要的内容已有不同；其他3类需要都仅仅是人类才有的需要。作者说这些需要是particular to human beings，即是exclusively human needs。也可根据social，esteem和self-realization判断这些是精神层次的需要，独为人类所特有，从而填入适当词语。第15题【T14】

参： Motivation//Desire//Drive//Demand//Longing//Urge//Craving 详细解答：解析：原文指出：“总的来说，人们的动机来自他们未被满足的最低层的需求。”因此这里应该填入Motivation，注意M要大写。也可以填入它的近义词。第16题【T15】

参： overlap／／meet／／mix／／co-exist／／interact／／combine／／concur

详细解答：解析：原文提到，不必等到某一层次的需求完全得到满足，更高层次的需求就已发挥作用。因此这些需求是共同存在的，此处应该填co-exist或其同义词。下一题

(17~21/共26题) Play00:0005:20 Volume

[听力原文]

听力原文：M: Well, I see from your resume, Miss Green, that you studied at University College. How did you find it there?

W: I had a great time. The teaching there was good and I made a lot of friends. The Psychology Department was a great place to be. M: How come you chose psychology? W: Well, at first I didn´t have any clear idea of what I wanted to do after university. I guess I´ve just always been interested in people and the way they act. I wanted to know why people think and act the way they do. It´s a fascinating area. M: And what was the course like?

W: Good. The teachers were all really nice and they had this special approach to teaching. You know they didn´t just give us lectures and tell us to read books like they might do in some more

traditional places. The whole course was based on a problem-solving approach. You know they´d describe a particular situation to us and we´d discuss what might happen. And after that we do some reading and see if it confirmed our own ideas. That is what I liked best: the really practical orientation of the course. I learnt very well with that style, so for me it was just great.

M: I see from your resume that you graduated about four years ago and after that let me see... W: I got a job with the Department of Employment It was only a temporary thing for about five months. I was a researcher in the department. We design a survey, go out to the factories and ask all the questions to the workers and the management, then go back to the office, analyze all the data and produce a report. It was quite interesting and I guess the psychology course at college helped me a lot.

M: And after that you worked for three years in an advertising agency. That must have been a bit of change from the Department of Employment, wasn´t it?

W: Well, not really. I suppose the office furnishings were a bit more sophisticated but the work was quite similar. I was basically still doing the same thing: designing questionnaires, going out, asking questions and writing reports. The only difference was that this time I wasn´t asking people about their work. I was asking them what kind of shampoo they´d bought and if they preferred brand X to brand Y. Then I´d make up a report and the agency would use the information in their advertising campaigns. I enjoyed my work a lot. 1. What do we learn about Miss Green´s university days? 2. Why did Miss Green choose psychology?

3. What did Miss Green think of the psychology course? 4. What´s NOT part of her job with the Department of Employment? 5. According to Miss Green, what´s the main difference between the Department of Employment and the advertising agency? 第17题 16．

A.She felt bored. B.She felt lonely.

C.She cherished them. D.The subject was easy.

参： C 您的答案：未作答答案解析：解析：面试的开头部分谈到了Miss Green的大学时光，根据原文关键词a great time，good，made a lot of friends，a great place等知，Miss Green很喜欢大学时光，对课程很满意。故应选C项。第18题 17．

A.She just followed the crowd.

B.Someone else gave her the advice. C.She was interested in that area. D.She conceded to her parents´ thoughts. 参： C 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：面试者在问Miss Green为何选择心理学时，Miss Green说最初自己也不知道想学什么，觉得自己对人们和其行为方式感兴趣，并且觉得这是一个吸引人的领域。据此，A项“从众”、B项“别人建议”和D项“顺从父母想法”均与此不符。C项为答案。

第19题 18．

A.The teachers just gave lectures and asked students to read books. B.The teachers were excellent and they had a special teaching method.

C.The teachers described a particular situation and told students what might happen. D.The teachers ask students to do some reading and confirm teachers´ ideas. 参： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：在Miss Green说了选择心理学课之后，面试者问她觉得心理课程怎么样，Miss Green说老师都很好，而且他们的教学方法特别。与B项意思一致。故选B项。第20题 19．

A.Doing surveys at workplace. B.Analyzing survey results. C.Designing questionnaires. D.Taking a psychology course.

参： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：在谈到就业部的工作时，Miss Green说，“我们设计了一个调查，来到工厂问了工人和管理人员所有的问题。然后回到办公室，分析所有的数据并写出报告。”可知A项“调查”、B项“分析问卷结果”和C项“设计问卷表”都包括在工作之中，只有D项未被提及。故选D项。第21题 20．

A.The nature of work. B.Office decoration. C.Office location. D.Work procedures.

参： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：解析：面试官问Miss Green：“从就业部到广告公司，你的工作一定有所改变，不是吗?”Miss Green说：“我想办公室装修是要豪华些，但工作内容是相当类似的。”比较她在两个部门的工作，都是设计问卷——外出调查——收集资料——撰写报告，从工作程序到工作性质，均无什么区别。所以答案是B项。上一题下一题 (22~26/共26题) Play00:0005:12 Volume

[听力原文]

听力原文：M: So why did you decide to leave?

W: Three years is a long time to be asking people those sort of questions about shampoo and drinks. No, seriously, after two years I was in charge of the Research Department of the agency and I had one assistant researcher. I guess after two years of doing that I suppose I felt you know, I can do this well and now I want to do something else that is a little different. And there was nowhere for me to go inside the company. It just wasn´t challenging for me any more and because I needed a challenge, I decided to move on. When I heard about the position of senior researcher here, I thought that´s exactly what I want: the chance to combine my management

skills and my research interests working in a much larger department with more varied work. M: And you felt the job descriptions in our advertisement would offer you the kind of challenge you´re looking for?

W: Exactly. Yes. As I said, management in a larger organization and research combined. Also, to be honest with you, I heard about the job before it was advertised. A friend of mine, who works here, Mark Austin, told me a few weeks ago that you were looking for someone to take over the job. He described the position to me in quite a bit of detail and I thought, well, that´s exactly what I am looking for. So really I´d written my letter of application before the job was even advertised.

M: I should tell you that with the present cutbacks we have only got one full-time administrative assistant in the section. How would you feel about doing your own word processing, photo copying, that sort of thing?

W: Oh, I am used to that. I have done all my own word processing for ages. It´s the only way to write, really, isn´t it? I can type well, about 60 words a minute. I did a secretarial course after I left school, so I learnt typing and shorthand. Then a few years later I bought a PC and I learnt how to do word processing too. M: Well, that´s handy. Now in the position you´ve applied for you´d have five assistant researchers responsible to you. That´s considerably more responsibility than you´ve had before so you are obviously ambitious and as you said you like a challenge. I was wondering what you see yourself doing in, say, five or ten years down the track?

W: Oh, that is a difficult question. Let me try to answer your question this way. I am particularly interested in experimental design and also in teaching. I´d like to continue the organization and planning side of research but do some teaching too. I know that you have lecturers here who do just that sort of thing: some practical work, and some undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, so that´s what I´d really be aiming for to be a lecturer here as well. M: Well, that´s certainly a career path that we´d encourage you to follow, but of course it might be necessary to upgrade your present qualifications first. I see from your resume that you´ve enrolled in an MA in Experimental Psychology. Could you tell me a bit about the courses you are planning to take?

6. Why did Miss Green want to leave the advertising agency?

7. How did Miss Green react to a heavier workload in the new job? 8. What did Miss Green do right after she left school?

9. What did Miss Green think she would do in five or ten years? 10. In the end, what would the speakers continue to talk about? 第22题 21．

A.She felt unhappy inside the company. B.She felt work there too demanding.

C.She was denied promotion in the company. D.She longed for new opportunities. 参： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：本题问及为什么Miss Green要离开广告部门另找工作。Miss Green说：“我想我在干这个事情两年以后，我想我感到，你知道，我能把这个干得很好。现在我想做些别的不太一样的事情。”还说：“这对我来说已不再有挑战性。也因为我需要一个挑战。”

可以看出她是期待着新的机遇和挑战，所以应该选择D项。第23题 22．

A.She was willing and ready. B.She sounded mildly eager. C.She was a bit surprised. D.She sounded very reluctant.

参： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：本题问，新职位工作量大了许多，对此Miss Green是如何反应的。Miss Green得知该工作的消息时就说：“that’s exactly what I am looking for．”对于有关工作的具体内容，她说“I am used to that．”可见她乐于接受该工作，并为之做好了准备。答案是A项。第24题 23．

A.She learned how to do word processing. B.She did a secretarial course.

C.She taught others typing and shorthand. D.She got a job in an advertising agency. 参： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：本题问Miss Green刚毕业做了什么。原文提到“毕业后学习了一门秘书课程”，与B项一致。故选B项。第25题 24．

A.She would do experimental design only.

B.She would continue to be an administrative assistant. C.She would be a teacher. D.She aimed to be a lecturer.

参： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：面试者在问及Miss Green认为自己在未来五年或者十年会做什么时，Miss Green回答说想做一个讲师。因此，选择与此意思一致的D项。第26题 25．

答案解析：解析：本题问对话最后谈话者将会继续讨论什么话题。在对话录音末尾，面试者问Miss Green“将会选择什么课程。”据此，选择D项。上一题下一题

(27~30/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

(2)There were one or two bright spots. Airbus was able to boast of a firm order for ten of its wide-body A350s from AirAsia X. John Leahy, its top salesman, expects deliveries in 2009 to match the record 483 in 2008. Boeing, which was hit by a prolonged strike last year, will probably deliver more aircraft this year than last. Both firms built up huge backlogs in the fat years: each has orders for about 3,500 planes.

It can be inferred from Para. 1 that Boeing and Airbus______.

参： C 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：推断题。根据第一段第一句可知，波音和空客似乎已很久没有利用大型航空展宣传其赢得的多达数百架飞机的订单，言外之意是它们过去曾经做过这样的宣传，故选[C]。同时还可推断，这两家公司不是今年才遭受新订单减少的影响，这种状况似乎已经持续较长一段时间了，故可排除[A]；根据该段第一句得知，波音和空客之间过去就展开了激烈的竞争，该段第二句中的still也印证了两者的竞争对手关系由来已久，故排除[B]；本段并未提及波音和空客在面对困境时应尽早解决彼此间的争斗，故排除[D]。第28题

D.difficulties in developing new aircrafts 参： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：细节题。根据第三段和第四段可知，全球航空业陷入财政困境，可能取消或推迟订购新飞机；第四段末句指出如果油价每桶超过100美元，更换飞机也是徒劳；第六段第三句表明波音在开发787的过程中遇到了复合材料的应用和供应链方面的困难；第七段第二句中的after a painful gestation暗示空客A350的开发也经历过困难，可见，[A]、[C]和[D]都是波音和空客共同面临的挑战。文章只在第二段提及波音遭受了长期罢工的打击，并未提到空客也遇到类似的劳资纠纷问题，故[B]为正确答案。第29题

Boeing executives found the announcement of Airbus \"provocative\" because______. A.Airbus received higher subsidies than Boeing

B.Airbus received new subsidies while the old dispute remained unsolved C.Airbus didn´t have to repay the newly announced subsidies D.WTO ruling is expected to be in Airbus´s favour 参： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：解析：推断题。第八段前两句提到波音就国家补贴问题与空客的争端由来已久，双方已诉诸WTO，而在WTO即将对波音的申诉做出裁决时，欧洲又宣布对A350飞机给予新的补贴，可谓变本加厉，因而波音对此尤其不满，故[B]为正确答案。文中未提及波音获得的补贴数额，故排除[A]；第八段和第九段表明空客必须偿还所获补贴，而且它正在

偿还以往获得的补贴，故排除[C]；第八段首句表明波音和空客都在WTO起诉了对方，但并未表示WTO的裁决将对哪一方有利，故排除[D]。第30题

Which type of the aircrafts mentioned in the passage will be the last to begin delivery? A.Boeing 787. B.Boeing 777. C.A380. D.A350.

参： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：细节题。文章第六段提到波音787已经准备首飞，且已获得超过860架的订单，而第七段第二、三句表明空客A350计划于2012年试飞，已获得接近500架的订单，可见，A350的开发进程落后于波音787；第七段第四句还提到波音777是“成功的”，即已经投入商用的成熟机型；第八段第二句表明A350刚刚获得欧盟资助，而第九段第三句表明A380所获资助已经开始偿付，可知A380的开发也早于A350。可见，A350是文中提到的各机型中开发最晚的，将比其他机型更晚交付使用，因此选[D]。上一题下一题

(31~34/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

(4)All the pictures on show were painted during da Vinci´s 18 years in Milan. Never has it been possible to see so many of da Vinci´s paintings together. There are also some 50 drawings, including the monumental Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist(sometimes called The Burlington House Cartoon).

(6)The exhibition is arranged thematically: in addition to \"Beauty and Love\" , there is also

\"Character and Emotion\" and \"Body and Soul\". The visitor quickly comes face to face with The Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, also known as The Lady with an Ermine. Although the image is familiar from reproductions, the radiance of the painting is surprising. Further along is an unfinished, yet searing, Saint Jerome. For the first time, both versions of The Virgin of the Rocks, one the National Gallery´s own and the other belonging to the Louvre, are shown together.

第31题

The original The Last Supper is not displayed at the show because______. A.its replica looks better B.it cannot be moved C.it is not kept in London

D.it does not fit into the theme of the show

参： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：细节题。第五段前两句提到《最后的晚餐》是一幅壁画且损坏严重。可见，无法把原作搬来参展，因此选[B]。该段第二句提到复制品远远比不上真迹，故可排除[A]；第三段末尾提到梵蒂冈、布拉格、克拉科夫、巴黎等地也把作品借给本次展览，可见，原作未保存在伦敦并不是未能参展的原因，因此排除[C]；尽管第六段首句指出本次展览是分主题陈列的，但第一段指出该展览是迄今为止最隆重的达-芬奇画展，汇集了达-芬奇存世画作中的一半，可见，本次展览力求尽可能多地将达-芬奇的作品拿来展出，作品主题只是陈列时的分类依据而非人选标准，故排除[D]。第32题

Which of the following words can BEST describe the style of Leonardo da Vinci´s paintings? A.Radiant. B.Exquisite. C.Exotic. D.Sketchy.

参： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：推断题。文章第五段和第八段通过对达-芬奇画作的描述，着重指出其画风精致细腻，对细节表现得十分逼真、透彻，故[B]正确。[A]“光彩照人的”和[C]“奇异的”用于概括达-芬奇的画风不够全面，可排除；尽管[D]“粗略的”在文中被用于形容画作的局部，但达-芬奇的手法正是用某些局部的粗略衬托其他部分的细致，以体现明与暗、前景与背景的强烈对比，因而sketchy也不能描述达-芬奇的画风，故排除。第33题

Which of the following statements contains a pun? A....the key that unlocked his genius.(Para.2) B.Mr. Syson´s contention...has captivated curators...(Para.3)

C....the monumental Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist...(Para. 4) D....an unfinished, yet searing, Saint Jerome.(Para. 6)

参： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：修辞题。[A]中的key和unlocked既可以当“钥匙”和“锁”来理解，也可以当“关键”和“释放”来理解，是一句巧妙的双关语，因此选[A]。[B]中的captivated本义为“囚禁，俘虏”，文中使用的“吸引，迷惑”之意为该词的引申义；[C]和[D]仅为一般的暗喻，二者均不包含双关语，故排除。第34题 The author´s attitude towards Leonardo da Vince is______. A.critical B.neutral C.curious D.praising

参： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：态度题。文章第一段前两句肯定达-芬奇是一位无可争议的天才，文章第八段在描述达-芬奇的画作时以明显赞誉的口气突出了其细腻的画风和强烈的感染力，最后一段末句更是表示达-芬奇的画展绝对值得一看，可见，作者对达-芬奇是赞赏的，故[D]正确。尽管作者在第一段第二句称达-芬奇“未能充分发挥其真实水平”，但这只是表明他凭自己的天赋本该取得更高的成就，并非批评之意，因此排除[A]；作者对达-芬奇的赞赏之意表露明显，故可排除[B]；文中对达-芬奇作品的描绘栩栩如生，但并不是为了体现作者的好奇心，而是突出达-芬奇的鲜明画风和独特天赋，故可排除[C]。上一题下一题

(35~37/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

(2)This reproductive collapse is particularly worrying because it comes in combination with an

increase in life expectancy which suggests that, by the middle of the century, not only will populations in the most developed countries have shrunk(unless they are propped up by historically huge levels of immigration)but also that the number of retired individuals supported by each person of working age will increase significantly. If Mikko Myrskyla of the University of Pennsylvania and his colleagues are correct, though, things might not be quite as bad as that. A study they have just published in Nature suggests that as development continues, the demographic transition goes into reverse.

(4)Back in the 1970s, no country got anywhere near one. Of the 107 places the researchers looked at, the best was Canada, with an HDI of 0.. By 2005, however, things had improved markedly. Two dozen of what were now 240 countries had HDIs above nine—and something else remarkable had happened. Back in 1975, a graph plotting fertility rate against the HDI fell as the HDI rose. By 2005, though, the line had a kink in it. Above an HDI of 0.9 or so, it turned up, producing what is known in the jargon as a \" J-shaped\" curve(even though it is the mirror image of a letter J). In many countries with really high levels of development(around 0.95)fertility rates are now approaching two children per woman. There are exceptions, notably Canada and Japan, but the trend is clear.

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the falling fertility rate in many developed countries?

A.Higher cost of raising children. B.More material abundance.

C.Better availability of birth control measures. D.Improved social-security systems.

参： B 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：细节题。第五段列举了多方面导致国家越发达生育率越低的社会原因，其中包括职业妇女控制自身生育量、抚养成本的增加、社会保障体系的完善(无需为了养老而多生孩子)等，因此排除[A]、[C]、[D]。社会资源的日益富足本身并不是直接导致生育率降低的原因，只是随着经济发展，抚养孩子的成本日益增加，所以人们不愿意多生孩子。只有[B]不符合文意，故为答案。第36题

The following statements are consistent with Dr. Myrskyla´s view about demographic transition EXCEPT that______.

A.the fertility rate in Canada doesn´t rise because of the lack of female-friendly employment policies

B.some countries experience another transition: fertility rate rises as they become more developed

C.the rising female employment does not always result in reduced reproductive output D.HDI is an important indicator for a country´s level of development 参： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：细节题。第五段末句指出，迈斯基拉博士认为最发达国家实施了有利于妇女的就业，可能有助于生育率的提高，但文中也强调生育率的升降可能有多方面的社会原因，甚至还可能有生物学方面的原因，因此不能逆推出加拿大等国没有出现生育率回升就是因为其缺乏有利于妇女的就业，因此选[A]。第四段倒数第三句显示，迈斯基拉博士的研究发现，一些国家在发展到一定程度(HDI约大于0．9)时，生育率不降反升。HDI是被迈斯基拉博士用作衡量国家发展水平的指标，用于与生育率的变化相对照，研究二者的相关性。根据第五段末句可知，妇女走上工作岗位可能影响生育率，但有利于妇女的就业也能让妇女兼顾生育和事业，所以妇女就业并不必然导致生育率降低。所以[B]、[C]和[D]均符合迈斯基拉博士的观点，故排除。第37题

What is the role of the 4th paragraph in the development of the topic?

参： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：篇章题。第四段承上启下，通过对相关数据的比较分析，证明了迈斯基拉博士等人的观点，即随着经济发展，人口转变趋势会发生逆转，也为下文解释这种逆转进行了铺垫，因此选[A]。此段的意图并不是为了解释第一段提到的“人口转变”，因为根据对此段的分析可知，当人口转变发展到一定程度时还会发生逆转，所以[C]不正确，故排除；日本和加拿大没有出现逆转，文中将其作为一种例外，但并未作为解释的重点，因此排除[B]；尽管生育率和HDI两个指标之间并不是严格的同向或逆向变化，但并不等于二者彼此无关，事实是二者在HDI达到0．9的转折点之前是逆向变化，达到转折点之后则是同向变化，因此[D]不正确，故排除。上一题下一题

(38~40/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

American carmakers, especially the Big Three, are in deep trouble because of the following factors EXCEPT

A.the increasingly high petrol prices

B.the impact of imported cars from other countries like Japan C.the tighter credit which impairs customers´ finance capability D.the consumers´ preference to more fuel-efficient vehicles 参： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：解析：细节题。第一段第三句和第五句以及第二段首句阐明了汽车制造商受到打击的多种因素，包括用户转向青睐小型汽车、融资困难、高油价等，因此排除[A]、[C]、[D]。但三巨头流失的客户转向了日本公司在美国的工厂，且第三段第二句提到，美国为了保护本国汽车产业设置了关税壁垒，使得外国汽车制造商不得不在美国设厂，因而直接从日本等国进口的汽车并非重大威胁，故选[B]。第39题

The passage suggests that in fact______can receive the guaranteed loans. A.all carmakers in need of retooling

B.old U. S. carmakers and dealers caught in trouble C.factories of foreign carmakers in the U. S. D.major carmakers like the Big Three 参： D 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：推断题。根据第五段末句可知，除了金融行业，能拿到巨额补贴的往往是一些大公司，因此[D]为正确答案。根据第三段第二句可知，法案以工厂至少具有20年历史为限，因此并非所有陷入危机的美国汽车生产商都有资格申请贷款，而且也不面向汽车经销商，故排除[A]和[B]；根据第三段末句可知，上述条件看似对美资和外资企业一视同仁，实则几乎将所有的外资汽车工厂排除在外，当然历史较短的美国汽车企业也不具备资格，而一些日本汽车工厂即使符合条件，恐怕也拿不到优惠贷款，故排除[C]。第40题

Politicians approve the loan guarantee for carmakers because of the following reasons EXCEPT that______.

A.the money needed just becomes available B.the bankers receive a much larger sum C.they hope to win more votes by doing so D.the car industry needs help

参： A 您的答案：未作答

答案解析：解析：细节题。根据第四段第二句可知，提供给金融行业高达7 000亿美元的援助，给汽车行业区区250亿美元又为何不可?而且根据前两段的介绍，汽车行业的确遭遇困境，急需资金。又根据第四段最后两句可知，政客们对该法案投赞成票，可以表明自己支持汽车行业和帮助汽车工人渡过难关，从而有助于自己赢得更多的选票。因此[B]、[C]、[D]都是促成资助汽车产业的贷款担保法案通过的因素，并不是因为一下子有了钱，故选[A]。

上一题下一题

(15/22)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

第41题

PASSAGE ONE

参： Making the competition fair．详细解答：解析：由题干关键词定位到最后一段。根据最后一段引述的空客方面人士的表态，空客认为波音787也得到了国家补贴，暗示空客为避免在竞争中落后，也必须获得相应的补贴，因此可推断levelling the playing field是指使竞争公平，故答案是“Making the competition fair．”。上一题下一题

(16/22)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

PASSAGE TWO

参： He could have achieved more with his genius. 详细解答：解析：由题干关键词定位到第一段。most accomplished肯定了达-芬奇的成就，同时underachievers(字面意思为“成就不足者”)又暗示他本应取得更高的成就。纵观文中对达-芬奇画风的描述，特别是第八段前两句指出他善于深入观察和细致表现，第九段首句指出他有时候会花上几年的时间去思索一幅画。可见，达-芬奇一方面表现出了杰出的艺术才能，另一方面正是因为他绘画时极其认真、细致，所以完成的作品不多，不是一个高产的画家，故答案是“He could have achieved more with his genius．”。上一题下一题

(43~45/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

第43题

Why is the reproductive collapse particularly worrying?

参： Because it comes along with an increase in life expectancy．

详细解答：解析：由题干关键词定位到第二段。该段首句指出，这种出生人口的骤减尤其令人担忧，因为它与平均寿命的延长相伴随。所以答案为“Because it comes along with an increase in life expectancy．”。第44题

What does \"the line had a kink in it\"(Para.4)mean?

参： The turning point appeared in the line．

详细解答：解析：由题干定位到第四段。该段指出，回顾1975年，图表曲线显示，生育率随着HDI的上升而下降；而2005年时，在HDI约大于0．9时，曲线没有下降，反而上升，由此可知，曲线上出现了一个转折点，所以答案是“The turning point appeared in the line．”。第45题

What does the word \"uptick\" at the end of the 5th paragraph refer to? 参： Increasing fertility rates in countries with HDI above 0．9．

详细解答：解析：由题干定位到第五段。该段解释了发生“人口转变”(即国家越发达生育率越低)的原因。最后一句中的conversely表明此处行文发生转折，转而解释另一现象，

即第四段介绍的“J形”分布：一些国家在发展到HDI超过0．9时，生育率不降反升。根据迈斯基拉博士的观点，一些最发达国家实施了有利于妇女的就业，使得妇女可以多生孩子而无后顾之忧。因此答案是“Increasing fertility rates in countries with HDI above 0．9．”。上一题下一题

(46~48/共22题)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)

第46题 What´s the author´s attitude towards the industrial subsidy policy of the government? 参： Slightly critical.

详细解答：解析：作者尽管认为汽车行业遭遇危机，需要援助，但对产业补贴的弊端是持批评态度的，故答案是“Slightly critical．”。第三段第二句指出，在法案中对申请贷款担保的条件做了巧妙的，只有老牌的美国汽车公司才能获得优惠待遇；根据第四段后三句可知，政客们在批准巨额贷款担保时，政治因素(为援助金融系统的7 000亿美元自圆其说、赢得选票等)是主要的，真正帮助汽车行业摆脱困境的动机反而只是陪衬；第五段首句则进一步表明了作者的担忧：补贴往往流向大公司，此情形可能一发不可收拾。综上可知作者的态度是“Slightly critical．”。第47题

What is the function of the 5 th paragraph in the passage? 参： Start to make an additional point．

详细解答：解析：文章前半部分介绍的是美国汽车产业(特别是三巨头)身陷经济困境，而联邦则慷慨解囊，提供巨额贷款担保；从第五段开始则从援助汽车产业的措施说起，触及产业补贴的弊端：大公司通过游说获得巨额补贴，而且得寸进尺，并且预言除金融、汽车之外的其他行业可能也将要求的援助，导致产业补贴一发不可收拾。因此第五段转向另一个话题，不再局限于汽车行业，因此答案是“Start to make an additional point．”。第48题

What does \"that claim\" in the last paragraph refer to?

参： The car industry is as important as the financial industry．

详细解答：解析：由题干关键词定位到原文最后一段。该段倒数第二句中的Detroit指代美国的汽车产业。第五段末句已提到，大公司善于通过游说将的巨额补贴纳入自己的腰包。金融界要求资助的一个有力的理由便是：“金融支撑一切”(finance underpins everything)。显然，尽管汽车产业对维持就业和经济增长也十分重要，但却无法声称自己具有和金融业同等的重要性，能起到国民经济命脉的作用，故答案是“The car industry is as important as the financial industry．”。上一题下一题

(49~58/共10题)PART III LANGUAGE USAGE

Schools throughout the world are experiencing a period of

certainty about what academic and cultural knowledge and skills【M2】______ will be needed by students in the future, wholesale revisions of

curricula, experimentation in teaching strategies, the need for

States, perhaps no education system has been studied more【M5】______

intensively than of Japan. In 2001, in a well-balanced presentation【M6】______ of the Japanese model of schooling, including its similarities to

collected goals, tasks, and rewards; and efforts to provide the same【M9】______ or very similar treatment for all students. One advantage of the

American approach that is seriously missed in the Japanese【M10】______ approach is the former´s attention to diversity and a sensitivity and concern for minority rights.

第49题【M1】

参： that一it

详细解答：解析：语法错误。此句的宾语是不定式短语to achieve a balance，这里需要用it充当形式宾语．构成find it difficult to do．．．结构，而that不能充当形式宾语，故要改为it。第50题【M2】

参： certainty—uncertainty

详细解答：解析：语篇错误。根据上下文语义。上一句提到了很难在诸多问题之间获得平衡，故可以推断教育家和学校对学生将来需要什么知识和技能应该是不确定的，所以才会成为面临的问题之一，需把certainty改为uncertainty，表示“不确定，未知”。第51题【M3】

参： aware∧一of 详细解答：解析：词汇错误。此处aware and competent并列充当系动词become的表语，此句后面接了动名词短语using new technologies，故aware后面应该加上介词of，意为“知道的，意识到的”。第52题【M4】

参： legislating—legislative 详细解答：解析：词汇错误。legislating为动词legislate的现在分词形式，可以充当名词，

而此处需要一个形容词与bureaucratic一起来修饰policies and regulations，故应改为形容词形式legislative，意为“立法的，法制的”。第53题【M5】

参： ∧education—other

详细解答：解析：词汇错误。根据上下文语义，上一句已指出除了美国的教育以外，故此处应该加上限定词other，说明没有其他的教育制度比日本的受到了更广泛的研究。第54题【M6】

参： ∧of一that

详细解答：解析：语法错误。此句用了比较级，对其他国家的education system和日本的进行比较。故应该加上that，指代日本的教育制度。第55题【M7】

参： fro一去掉fro

详细解答：解析：词汇错误。短语to and fro意为“来来回回”，放在此处不符合句意。这里的to是与similarities搭配，意为“与……的相同点”，它们与and后的differences with共同接宾语that(指代教育模式)，表示“与美国教育模式的相同点和不同点”。由此可知fro是多余的，应删掉。第56题【M8】

参： contrary一contrast

详细解答：解析：词汇错误。in contrast为固定搭配，表示“相反”。故应该把contrary改为contrast。第57题【M9】

参： collected一collective

详细解答：解析：词汇错误。collected作形容词意为“镇静的，泰然自若的”，collective意为“共同的，集体的”，此句要表达的意思是“集体的目标、任务和回报”，故应该用collective，符合文意。第58题【M10】

参： missed一missing

详细解答：解析：词汇错误。missed作形容词意为“错过的”，missing意为“缺少的；丢失的；失踪的”，此句要表达的意思是“美国教育方式的一个长处，同时也是日本教育方式严重缺乏的一点，那就是注重学生的多元化发展和关注少数人的权利。”故应改为missing，符合文意。上一题下一题

(1/1)PART IV TRANSLATION 第59题

书斋中，忘记了尘世的一切不愉快的事情，怡然自得。以世界之广，宇宙之大，此时却仿佛只有我和我的书友存在。窗外粼粼碧水，丝丝垂柳，阳光照在玉兰花的肥大的绿叶子上，这都是我平常最喜爱的东西，现在也都视而不见了。连平常我喜欢听的鸟鸣声“光棍儿好过”，也听而不闻了。

参： All I can say is, \"You are not gifted with sufficient sensitivity. Keep cultivating and you will attain enlightenment someday. \" As I sit still in my study, I feel pleased and contended with all the earthly unhappiness out of my mind. It seems as if only my book friends and I exist in this boundless universe. Outside the window, the rippling green pond, the weeping willows, the glint of sunshine from the big magnolia leaves—which are the things I like the most in ordinary days—are invisible to me. Even my favorite chirps sounding like \" good to be a bachelor\" are nothing to me.

详细解答：解析：选文出自国学家季羡林的《我的书斋》。文章描绘了作者的书房，妙趣横生，生动迷人。本文句型并不复杂，但用词考究，其翻译难点在于如何准确用词以再现原文的各种生动描述。 1．画线部分第一句中的“根器”和“修持”都是佛教用语。前者指“天生的智慧与潜力”，后者指“持戒修行”。此句中不宜直译，故可揣摩语境，把“根器”理解为“与生俱来的敏锐领悟力”，把“修持”理解为“提升自我”。 2．画线部分第二句中“兀坐在”译为sit still；“尘世的一切不愉快的事情”译为all the earthly unhappiness；“怡然自得”译为feel pleased and contended。 3．画线部分第三句中“世界之广，宇宙之大”是同义重复短语，翻译时可采用合译法译为boundless universe。 4．画线部分第四句中“粼粼碧水”译为rippling green pond；“丝丝垂柳”译为weeping willows；“阳光照在玉兰花的肥大的绿叶子上”中的“照在”根据语境应当选用glint，因为glint表示的是微弱柔和的反光。 5．画线部分最后一句中“鸟鸣”一词可以用拟声词chirps来表达。上一题下一题

(1/1)PART V WRITING

第60题

Debate about the policy to raise the retirement age of Chinese workers has been raging in China for the past few years. The compulsory retirement age in China is now 60 for male, 55 for female white-collar workers and 50 for female manual laborers. The following excerpts offer opinions from different channels about this issue. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from every side: 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. The media Beijing Times-. Even if authorities bind older people to their positions by raising the retirement age, these workers might not contribute much to the overall productivity: worse still, there might not be sufficient jobs for young people to enter the job market because older people are still working. That´s a possible negative result of delaying the retirement age, and policymakers need to be alert to it. Beijing Youth Daily: The ministry said Chinese workers retire at a quite early age. What they haven´t told us is Chinese people´s average life expectancy is low compared with people in developed countries. Japanese males retire five years later than Chinese males but they live about eight years longer. Therefore it is not fair for Chinese workers to retire at the same age as their counterparts in developed economies. The general public Satsu from Japan: In Japan people who officially retire at the age of 60 can still work for several years(until 65)for half or less of their last salary because the retirement allowance is not enough for a decent life after work. The official state pension sets in at the age of 65(probably soon

67)only. Eudaimonia from Greece: I think that it should be relevant to the type of work that the person is doing and the average life expectancy in the country. What this means? This means that, for example: —If somebody works in very poor working conditions, he should get early retirement. —There´s absolutely no reason for women to retire earlier than men: if anything, it should be the other way around since women live longer. Tigerfish from the UK: We´ve done it in the UK too, but the problem is that we still have a huge youth unemployment problem. Employers are not taking on the new graduates and school leavers, so they just hang around on the streets and cause problems and manual workers are just not fit enough to keep going, and end up needing more medical help. Vivian from China: The retirement age should be left as it is. If people want to retire earlier they should be encouraged to do so. The whole idea is to give young people a chance to fill these positions and get a start in life. Icwu from France: Delaying the retirement age to 65 for men and 60 for women makes sense. However, it´s even better if it´s coupled with delaying job entry for youths by 1 - 2 years by introducing military training or community service(like the peace corps practice in the US in the past)or non-paid apprentice training(like that practiced in Germany)for our youths. These options will not only benefit our youths but also solve many employment problems as a result of delayed retirement. Laowai2 from the US: The same thing is happening in most countries with a welfare system. People are living longer, so they require pensions for more years. In China´s case, women are probably receiving pensions for over 20 years. Although people pay into a pension fund, this does not cover their future pensions. Pensions are financed out of current taxation, so it is our children who will actually fund our pensions. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

参： Should We Raise the Retirement Age? Recent debates on the extended retirement age of Chinese workers rage over the mass media. Supporters say that it brings a decent retirement allowance and sufficient funds for retirement pension which is already in deficit. Opponents view this policy as a threat to employment opportunities for the younger generation and predict low productivity of aged workers. A compromising idea is that the policy should be coupled with some other ones such as a delay in job entry and equal requirements for both men and women and consideration of the job type. Imagine this: a group of silver-haired workers drag their exhausted bodies on their way home after a day´s work while young people in droves monkey around with nothing to do in the bright daylight. Ironic as this picture might appear, it speaks true of the situation we will face when the policy of extended retirement age is imposed. Delaying the retirement age may have disastrous effects both on the old and the young. On the one hand, it would be unfair for workers over sixty to have a long extension of five years´ work ahead after a whole life´s dedication to their work, let alone their physical fatigue may greatly decrease productivity. On the other hand, if workplaces were riddled with these willing or unwilling senior workers, what vacancies could be left for the new graduates? With a limited market, the larger the working population of the old, the smaller chances there will be for the young. More than a job issue, unemployment will in time snowball into more serious social unrest. All in all, the initiative of raising retirement age might be to compensate the deficit in retirement pension. However, more rational ways rather than the scheme on retirement age should be taken into consideration. If imposed without any backup plans, this policy is doomed to end up with not a bang but a whisper.

详细解答：解析：本题探讨的是中国延迟退休年龄这一，属于社会生活类话题。题目要求简要概括所给材料中的几种不同观点，并发表自己的看法。在具体行文方面，考生可

以开篇点明社会现象，简要阐述针对延迟退休年龄各方所持的观点；接着提出自己对这一问题的看法，并阐明理由；最后总结全文，重述论点。上一题成绩单答题卡

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