语言学教程复习题

Part One Please read the following sentences and choose the best

answer to each question. (25%) 1. Semantics is the study of ____.

A. linguistic competence B. language functions C. meanings D. social behavior

2．Which of the following is not generally believed to be area of linguistics? A. syntax B. semantics C. phonology D. etiology 3．There are

A．one .

A．+animate, +human, +male, -adult B．+animate, +human, -male, -adult C．+animate, +human. +male, +adult D．+animate, +human, -male, +adult

5．The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.

A. quantity B. quality C. manner D. relation 6．The words such as “editor”, “hawker” are

A．formed by blending

C．coined by back formation 7．The Swiss linguist

A．L. Bloomfield C．N. Chomsky 8.

A．Arbitrariness

.

B．acronyms

D．Clipped words

morphemes in the word “boyish”. B．two

C．three

D．four

4．The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as

laid the foundation of linguistics in the 20th

B．F. D. Saussure D．M. A. K. Halliday

B．Productivity D．Displacement

century, and thus was described as “Father of Modern Linguistics”.

is NOT a distinctive feature of human language.

C．Cultural transmission

9. TG grammar was advanced by ____.

A. Searle B. Whorf C. Halliday D. Noam Chomsky

.

.

10．Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 11．The study of static, or so-called “literal”, meaning of language falls into

the scope of 12．

, a major branch of linguistics.

D．Morphology

A．Pragmatics B．Semantics C．Syntax

first put forward the speech act theory.

B．J. Austin

C．N. Chomsky D．M. A.K Halliday

A．J. Searle

13．The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _____

A. morphology B. general linguistics C. phonology D. semantics 14．The famous Cooperative Principle was first put forward by

A．J. Austin

B．G. Leech

C．H. P. Grice D．S. Levinson

refers to the actualized language. C．parole

D．language

, the

.

15．Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members

of a speech community and

A．speech

B．language

.

B．peak, coda, onset D．coda, peak, onset

16．Normally, a syllable consists of three parts, that is, the

, and the A．onset, peak, coda C．peak, onset, coda

17．According to morphology, “-ful” in the word “colorful” is called a(n)

morpheme, while “-es” in “apologies” is called a(n) morpheme. A．derivational, free B．inflectional, bound

C．inflectional, free D．derivational, inflectional

18．In semantics, the relationship between “buy” and “sell” are

opposites, and “single” and “married” are called antonyms.

A．relational, complementary B．gradable, relational

C．relational, gradable D．complementary, relational

19． is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups

and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language.

.

.

A．Semantics B．Pragmatics C．Syntax D．Morphology

20. Which of the following word classes are open classes?

A. conjunction

B. determiner C. article

D. verb

21. “Concord” has the same meaning as _____. A. perfective

B. progressive C. agreement

D. government

22. Synonymy is the technical term for the _____ relation. A. oppositeness C. gradable

B. complementary D. sameness

23. Which of the following are correct readings of “CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (~ALIVE (y)))))”?

A. x causes y to become not alive. B. x causes y to become alive. C. x causes y to become not dead. D. y causes x to become dead.

24. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language because .

A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world C. we have recording devices to study speech

.

.

D. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages.

25. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as linguistics.

A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic

Part Two Read each in the following statements and judge whether it

is true or false. Write “T” for true, “F” for false on your answer sheet. (10%)

26. For sounds to be allophones of the same phoneme they must be complementarily distributed and must have phonetic similarity. 27. A closed syllable is one without a coda.

28. Every word has a sense just as every word has a reference.

29. Conversational implicative is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.

30. The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its figurative meaning.

31. Similes and metaphors are different in that a metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike elements.

.

.

32. “Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.” This is mostly likely to be said by a woman.

33．The relation between “vehicle” and “car” is called hyponymy.

34．The consonant [s] in English can be described as: voiced alveolar fricative. 35．Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the

addition of inflection affixes, which do change the grammatical class of the stem.

得分Part Three Please define the following terms briefly (20%)

36．the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 37．Conversational Implicature 38．IC analysis

39．the London School

得分Part Four Answer the following questions: (15%)

40. How to understand the term “affix”? Give examples for its different

subtypes.

41. What is synonymy? What is antonymy? Give examples. 42. What is syllable? Use an example to illustrate its components.

得分Part Five．Essay writing. (30%)

B：Directions：Choose any one from the given topics and develop it into an

essay in not less than 200 words. （30%）

The Prague school TG Grammar American Structuralism Linguistics of My View

.

.

Part One．

此部分共25题，一题1分，合计25分。主要考察学生语言学基本知识的掌握程度。

1-5 ADBCD 6-10 CBCDA 11-15 BBCCC 16-20 ADACD 21-25 CDABB

Part Two．

此部分共10题，一题1分，合计10分。主要考察学生运用语言学基本知识进行分析判断的能力。

26-30 T F F T T 31-35 F T T F F

Part three．

此部分共4题，一题5分，合计20分。主要考察学生语言学术语及基本理论的掌握程度。

评分标准： 1) 每题5分。

2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。

3) 内容比答案少按比例扣分，内容多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容多于答案但有概念性错误（如举例不当）酌情扣1－2分。

36. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a hypothesis developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf on his and Edward Sapir’s anthropological research and experience with Hopi, an American Indian language. It suggests that ‘our

.

.

language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world’. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative. The greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity—a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt”.

37. Conversational Implicature: it was proposed by Grice, Grice’s aware

that speakers do not always follow CP and its maxims. In fact, they often violate them. Whether the speaker follows or violates these maxims, he produces some implicature – a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance. Particularly, when any of the maxims is blatantly violated that the hearer knows that it is being violated, then conversational implicatures arise.

38. IC analysis, immediate constituent analysis, may be defined as: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups (or phrases), which are in tern analyzed into the immediate constituents of

.

.

their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

39. The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The representatives are Malinowski, Firth and Halliday. The all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language. Thus, London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.

Part Four.

此部分共3题，一题5分，合计15分。主要考察学生语言学术语及运用语言学基本原理分析诗歌的能力。

1) 每题5分。

2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。

3) 内容比答案少按采分点扣分，内容点多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容点多于答案但有概念性错误酌情扣分，举例不当每处扣2分，概念或阐述性错误每处扣5分。

40 An affix is the collective term of the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).

e.g.: prefix para-, mini-

suffix -ise, -tion

infix foot/feet, goose/geese

.

.

41. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation. Such as, buy and purchase.

antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. Such as husband and wife, buy and sell.

42. The syllable is an important unit in the study of phonology. In English, a word may be monosyllabic (with one syllable, like cat and dog) or polysyllabic (with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival). A syllable usually consists of an onset, a nucleus or peak, and a coda. The nucleus and the coda are called the rhyme.

O(nset) k

l

a p s

N(ucleus) Co(da)

R(hyme)



All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda is known as closed syllable.

Part Five

A. 具体得分要求如下：

分析方法见《语言学教程》第三版9.3，罗米欧和朱莉叶的这段对话采用的是十四行诗的形式写成，说明莎士比亚娴熟地掌握了商籁体诗的写作技巧。本题要求学生掌握

.

.

诗歌分析的方法，能够运用诗歌分析的术语对诗歌中的特殊语言现象进行细致的分析。 答案要点和分值：

1) Information about the poem: Shakespeare and his four tragedies, esp. Romeo and Juliet, sonnet in his drama (2)

2) Form: layout (3 quatrains and a couplet = sonnet), number of lines (14), length of lines (10 syllables) (3)

3) Sound patterning: metre (iambic pentametre), rhymes (ababcacadedeff), other forms of sound patterning (eg alliteration) (3)

4) Language: figurative use of language, syntax, punctuation, register, intertextual allusion etc. (2)

B. (Omitted)

.