Computers in Design and Manufacturing

电脑已经使用在几乎每一个制造业工作。电脑提高效率、精度和生产率的生产流程。就像其他工具和机器,电脑更容易扩展人类的能力和做一些工作。每个部门在制造业找到了计算机的使用。

In the management department, supervisors and managers use computers to gather information about the progress of work in all the other departments. In marketing, researchers, advertisers, and sales people use computers to get data on potential buyers, to study market research, and to creat advertisements.

在管理部门，主管和管理者使用计算机收集有关其他部门工作进展情况的信息。在营销方面，研究人员、广告主和销售人员使用计算机来获取潜在买家的数据，研究市场研究，并创造广告。

The real tool when using any computer is the software. Software is the set of coded instructions written to control the operations of the computers. Without software, a computer would be a useless machine. The list of written instructions in software is called program. Many software programs are available for every department in manufacturing, but the most important uses of computers have been in the engineering and production departments.

使用任何计算机时，真正的工具是软件。软件是一组编写的代码指令来控制计算机的操作。如果没有软件，计算机将是一个无用的机器。软件中的书面指令列表称为程序。许多软件项目都可用于制造，但最重要的用途是计算机在工程和生产部门。 CAD. Drafters use CAD systems to make technical drawings of the product to be manufactured. In the past, drafters worked with T-squares, scales, triangles, and pencils to create these drawings by hand on paper. Today more and more drafters use CAD systems to perform drafting operations. Doing drawings by hand requires a great deal of time. Each line, letter, and shape on a drawing must be created by the drafter. The drafter must have great skill to draw these features exactly the same every time.

计算机辅助设计起草者使用CAD系统进行产品技术图纸制作。在过去，起草者曾与丁字尺，鳞片，三角形，和铅笔来创建这些图纸用手上的纸。今天，越来越多的起草者使用CAD系统进行绘图操作。手工绘图需要大量的时间。每一行，信，和画上的形状必须由人创造的。人必须要画出这些特征完全相同的每一次伟大的技巧。

In CAD, most of these jobs are done by the computer. CAD software programs are written so that a drafter needs only to identify the type of line, letter, or shape required; the computer then draws the feature perfectly on a computer screen. Most CAD systems also include a drawing library of commonly used symbols and shapes to allow faster drawing.

在计算机辅助设计中，大多数的工作都是由计算机完成的。CAD软件程序的编写，起草者只需要确定线，信的类型，或形状要求；计算机得出的特征完全在计算机屏幕上。大多数的计算机辅助设计系统还包括一个常用的符号和图形的图形库，以允许更快的绘图。

Another advantage of CAD is ease in revising drawings. In the past, when a product was changed or improved the drawings on paper had to be completely redrawn or traced. Today, CAD systems allow the drafter to redraw only those parts and features that have been revised.

计算机辅助设计的另一个优点是易于修改图纸。在过去，当一个产品被更改或改进的纸上的图纸必须完全重画或追踪。今天，CAD系统允许描图重画只有部分和功能已修改。

CAD can also be used to simulate product testing procedures. In the past, when a product was designed by an engineer, scale models and full-sized prototype were often made and tested for durability, strength, and performance. This process involved making dozens of different models and prototypes until the engineers found the combination of materials, parts, and design they wanted. CAD systems have simulation programs built in so that product design models can be built, tested, and changed on a computer screen in a small portion of the time needed to make real models. Engineers can change materials and parts on the product and simulate the stresses, strains, and wear the product must take when used. The procedure of testing products this way on a computer is called finite element analysis.

计算机辅助设计也可用于模拟产品测试程序。在过去，当一个产品是由一个工程师，规模模型和全尺寸的原型设计，经常进行测试，耐用性，强度和性能。这个过程包括了制作几十种不同的模型和原型，直到工程师们找到了他们想要的材料、零部件和设计的组合。计算机辅助设计系统有仿真程序，在这样的产品设计模型可以建立，测试，并在一个小部分的时间，使真正的模型所需的计算机屏幕上改变。工程师可以改变材料和零件的产品和模拟的应力，应变，并佩戴该产品时，必须采取的。在计算机上测试产品的过程称为有限元分析。

Designing and testing products this way takes less time, saves the company money that used to be spent on the models and prototypes, and improves the quality of manufactured products. 设计和测试产品的方法需要花费更少的时间，节省公司的钱，用于模型和原型，并提高了质量的制成品。 The use of computers in processing materials is called computer-aided manufacturing or CAM. CAM involves controlling tools and machines with computers. In the past, all manufacturing machines were operated and controlled directly by human operators. Then numerical control (NC) machining was introduced. With NC, operator codes the machine operations onto a punched tape. The punch tape is then used to control the machines. Recently CAM has been replacing NC. Instead of coding operations onto a punched tape, CAM operators write software programs for computers that are used to control machines.

在加工材料中使用计算机称为计算机辅助制造或凸轮。凸轮包括控制工具和计算机与计算机。在过去，所有的制造机器直接由人类操作员直接操作和控制。介绍了数控加工的数控加工。与数控，操作码的机器操作到穿孔带。然后用打孔磁带来控制机器。最近凸轮已取代数控。而不是编码操作的穿孔带，凸轮运营商编写的计算机，用于控制机器的计算机程序。

CAD/CAM. The next step in computerizing manufacturing operations was to tie the engineering department to the production department using CAD/CAM systems. With CAD/CAM, a drafter in the engineering department draws the plans for a product on a CAD system, and the design information is then sent directly to machines in the production department where the product is made. 计算机辅助设计/凸轮。在计算机制造业务的下一步是把工程部使用的CAD／CAM系统的生产部门。随着CAD／CAM、工程部的绘图员绘制在一个CAD系统的产品规划和设计的信息，然后直接发送到机器生产部门，产品由。 Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). After the engineering and production departments were connected with CAD/CAM, computers were used to integrate all the departments. In CIM, the management, engineering, production, finance, marketing, and human resources department are all linked by computer (ERP system may is considered as the application of CIM). Information about the progress in any department can be seen at once in any other department. Company-wide planning can be done with CIM. The human sources department can prepare workers for specific jobs; the finance department can plan to buy materials to match the production schedule; marketing can plan

advertising to match the finished-product dates, engineering and production communicate with CAD/CAM, and the management can direct the whole company by following the progress of each department. With CIM, all separate departments can work toward the single goal of producing and selling a quality product for profit.

计算机集成制造（CIM）。工程和生产部门与计算机辅助设计/凸轮连接后，计算机被用来整合所有部门。在CIM，管理，工程，生产，财务，营销，人力资源部都由计算机联网（ERP系统可以作为CIM的应用）。有关任何部门的进展情况，可以在任何一个部门中看到。全公司的规划可以用CIM。人力资源部可以为特定工作做好准备，财务部可以计划采购材料以配合生产进度，市场可计划广告以配合完成的产品日期，工程和生产与计算机辅助设计/凸轮沟通，管理可以直接通过以下各部门的进展。CIM，各部门可以对单一目标的生产和销售利润的优质产品。

Just in time. Once a company has started working with CIM, it is not far from JIT manufacturing. With JIT, a manufacturing company can save money by carefully timing the different parts of the manufacturing process so that they all fit together “just in time.”

就在时间。一旦公司开始与CIM，它远不是JIT生产。随着生产，制造企业可以通过定时的制造过程的不同部分，结合在一起的“即时省钱。”

For example, manufacturing companies have always ordered materials and supplies in large quantities long before they were needed. These materials and supplies were then stored in nearly warehouses and delivered to the plant when needed. Renting a warehouse, storing supplies, and moving supplies form the warehouse can be expensive for a company. Since CIM helps a company know just when it needs certain supplies or materials, the company can have delivered just in time at the manufacturing plant. This saves the company money that would have been spent to rent the warehouse. Similarly, the company will finish the products and deliver them to the market immediately, again saving the cost to store finished items in a warehouse.

例如，制造业公司总是在需要大量的材料和大量供应的时间才需要的。这些材料和供应，然后储存在近仓库，并交付给工厂时，需要。租用一个仓库，存放物品，移动物品的仓库可以为一个公司的昂贵。从CIM可以帮助一家公司知道何时需要一定的物资或材料，公司可交付的时间在制造厂。这节省了公司的钱，本来是用来租仓库的。同样，公司将完成这些产品，并立即将其送到市场，并再次节省成本，以存储在仓库中的成品。

Flexible manufacturing. Another important new use of computers is flexible manufacturing lets a company make many versions of the same product to meet specific consumer wants.

柔性制造。另一个重要的新用途的计算机是灵活的制造，让一个公司制造许多版本的相同的产品，以满足特定的消费需求。