正确答案是：prescriptive
2 Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________, 选择一项：
a. cultural transmission b. flexibility c. displacement d. duality
题目3
An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the \"best authors\" for language usage. 选择一项： 对 错
题目4
General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 选择一项： 对 错
正确的答案是“对”。
\\ 题目5
Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings. 选择一项： a. sense b. objects c. ideas d. sounds
题目6
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The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s____. 答案：
反馈 g
正确答案是：syntax
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According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language. 选择一项： a. competence b. parole c. performance d. langue 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：competence
题目8
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Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目9
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In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. 选择一项： 对 错
反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目10
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Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目11
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If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________. 选择一项： a. descriptive b. analytic c. linguistic d. prescriptive 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：descriptive
题目12
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Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language 选择一项：
a. Meaningfulness
b. Displacement c. Duality d. Arbitrariness 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：Meaningfulness
题目13
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In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目14
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Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目15
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The phenomenon that the same object is referred to by different forms in different languages illustrates the ________ nature of human language. 选择一项：
a. arbitrary b. genetic c. logical d. creative 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：arbitrary
题目16
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According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 选择一项： a. language b. parole c. langue
d. performance 反馈
correct feedback
g
正确答案是：langue
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General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目18
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题干
Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目19
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Linguistics is generally defined as the s____ study of language. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：scientific
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In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. 选择一项：
a. All of the choices
b. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
c. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
d. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：All of the choices
A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈
T g
正确的答案是“错”。
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The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目3
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题干
Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目4
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Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目5
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Social changes can often bring about language changes. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目6
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Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
选择一项： a. secondary b. correct c. primary d. stable 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：secondary
题目7
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Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目8
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The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目9
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Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目10
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Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T
g
正确的答案是“错”。
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Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目12
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题干
The the famous quotation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet \" A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" well illustrates ________. 选择一项：
a. the creative nature of language
b. the big difference between human language and animal communication c. the universality of language d. the arbitrary nature of language 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：the arbitrary nature of language
题目13
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The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 选择一项： 对 错
反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目14
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Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目15
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题干
Linguistics is the scientific study of ________. 选择一项：
a. the English language b. human languages in general
c. the system of a particular language d. a particular language 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：human languages in general
题目16
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The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct. 选择一项： a. genes b. books
c. learning and teaching d. governments 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：learning and teaching
题目17
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A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point of time in history. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目18
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In linguistics, p____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：parole
题目19
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Chomsky uses the term ________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user's knowledge of the rule of his language in linguistic communication. 选择一项： a. langue b. parole
c. performance
d. competence 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：performance
题目20
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Chomsky defines \" competence” his language. 答案：
反馈 g
正确答案是：knowledge
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as the ideal user's k____ of the rules of 题干
The function of using language to explain the meaning of language itself is called its ________ function. 选择一项： a. phatic b. conative c. referential d. metalinguistic 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：metalinguistic
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We know that d____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：duality
题目3
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According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language. 选择一项： a. parole b. competence c. langue d. performance 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：competence
题目4
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Human capacity for language has a g____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：genetic
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Which of the following features of language makes it possible for language users to overcome the limitations of time and space in communication 选择一项：
a. arbitrariness b. displacement
c. productivity d. duality 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：displacement
题目6
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Which of the following modes of study emphasizes the correct and standard usage of language 选择一项： a. descriptive b. diachronic c. prescriptive d. synchronic 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：prescriptive
题目7
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Saussure took a __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view. 选择一项：
a. semantic and linguistic b. sociological…psychological
c. psychological…sociological d. applied… pragmatic 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：sociological…psychological
题目8
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Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目9
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The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today's world that can only be spoken, but not written. 选择一项： 对 错
反馈
正确的答案是“对”。
题目10
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A historical study of language is a ____ study of language. 选择一项： a. prescriptive b. comparative c. diachronic d. synchronic 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：diachronic
题目11
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题干
We can produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences we have never come across before; this is good evidence that language is ________. 选择一项：
a. genetically transmitted b. rule-governed
c. culturally transmitted d. productive 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：productive
题目12
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Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 选择一项： 对
错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目13
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Langue refers to the a回答 linguistic system shared by all the members
of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 反馈 g
正确答案是：abstract
题目14
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题干
The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目15
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The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ________. 选择一项： a. arbitrary b. logical
c. productive d. non-arbitrary 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：arbitrary
题目16
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Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a____ linguistics. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：applied
题目17
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The description of a language as it changes through time is a ________ study. 选择一项： a. diachronic b. comparative c. descriptive d. synchronic 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：diachronic
题目18
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Language is a system of communication.
a回答 vocal symbols used for human
反馈 g
正确答案是：arbitrary
题目19
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Language is p____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：productive
题目20
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题干
A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point of time in history. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“错”。
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A/an ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 选择一项： a. phoneme b. sound
c. phone d. allophone 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：phoneme
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In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.选择一项： 对
错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
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In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目4
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The sound /f/ is _________________. 选择一项：
a. voiced alveolar stop
b. voiceless labiodental fricative c. voiced palatal affricate d. voiceless velar fricative 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：voiceless labiodental fricative
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The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：sequential
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The letter \"n\" in the word \"incorrect\" is actually pronounced as the velar nasal instead of the alveolar nasal. This is the result of the ________ rule at work. 选择一项： a. deletion b. assimilation c. morphological d. sequential 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：assimilation
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A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目8
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Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s____ stress. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：sentence
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Of the following sound combinations, only ________ is according to the sequential rules of English. 选择一项： a. ilkb b. bkil c. ilbk d. kilb 反馈 你的回答正确 正确答案是：kilb
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permissible Which of the following is NOT a phonological minimal pair 选择一项：
a. [fru:t] [flu:] b. [mi:n] [mu:n] c. [mi:n] [mi:t] d. [bri:d] [bred] 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：[fru:t] [flu:]
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A____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：Aspiration
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English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
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Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目14
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Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F
g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目15
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The sound a____ is actually reflected in spelling in most cases. 答案：
正确答案是：assimilation
Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 选择一项： 对 错
Which phonetic feature is missing in the following description of the consonant
[f] -- voiceless, fricative 选择一项： a. dental b. labio-dental c. alveolar d. palatal
Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 正确答案是：tongue
__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. 选择一项： a. /d/ b. /z/ c. /k/ d. /b/
正确答案是：/d/
Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 选择一项： 对 错
正确的答案是“错”。
When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s____. 答案： 反馈g
正确答案是：stop
When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word
in isolation, they are collectively known as i____. 正确答案是：intonation
Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. 选择一项： 对 错
A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 选择一项： 对 错
P____ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. 正确答案是：Phonology
In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [d], [s], [z] and [n] share the feature of ________.
选择一项： a. dental b. palatal c. alveolar d. bilabial 正确答案是：alveolar
T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
正确答案是：Tones
Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. 选择一项：
a. phonetic components b. suprasegmental features c. immediate constituents d. semantic features 反馈correct feedback
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. 选择一项： 对 错
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o____ cavity and the nasal cavity. 答案： 反馈g
正确答案是：oral
The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. 选择一项： a. voiced b. vowel c. consonantal
d. voiceless 正确答案是：voiceless
In clssifying vowels all the following can be applied as a criteron EXCEPT ________. 选择一项：
a. tongue position
b. vibration of the vocal cords c. openness of the mouth d. length of sound
Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. 选择一项：
a. in phonemic contrast
b. in complementary distribution c. the allophones d. minimal pair
The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by \"copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. 选择一项： a. exactly alike b. same c. similar d. identical
Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest estabished, and until recently the most highly developed, is ________ phonetics. 选择一项： a. ariticulatory b. acoustic
c. none of the choices d. auditory
S____ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 正确答案是：suprasegmental
According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 选择一项： 对 错
With the exception of ________, all of the following are phonological features used in English, i. e. they can distinguish meaning. 选择一项： a. stress b. intonation c. voicing d. aspiration
According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 选择一项： 对 错
The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. 选择一项： a. sounds b. allophones
c. phonemes d. phones
If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. 选择一项： 对 错
S____ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 答案：
正确答案是：suprasegmental
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 选择一项： 对 错
A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. 选择一项： a. back b. middle c. front
d. central 正确答案是：front
A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 选择一项： 对 错
English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 选择一项： 对 错
22． A____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 答案：g
正确答案是：Articulatory
Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 选择一项： 对 错
The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 选择一项： 对 错
The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
选择一项： a. vowel b. consonantal c. voiceless d. voiced
English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation. 答案：
正确答案是：place
P____ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. 答案：
正确答案是：Phonology
15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 选择一项： 对 错
Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. 选择一项： a. tongue b. lips c. vocal cords d. mouth
Alll of the following indicate focuses of study of articulatory phonetics EXCEPT ________. 选择一项：
a. how speech sounds are described b. how speech sounds are produced c. how speech sounds are perceived d. how speech sounds are classified
The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are all b____ sounds. 答案：
确答案是：bilabial
The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：sequential
The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n____ transcription. 答案：
正确答案是：narrow
Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 选择一项： 对 错
Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest estabished, and until recently the most highly developed, is ________ phonetics. 选择一项： a. auditory b. acoustic
c. none of the choices d. ariticulatory
_______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 选择一项： a. Bound words b. Free morphemes c. Words
d. Bound morphemes
C____ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
正确答案是：Compounding
The morpheme \"vision” in the common word \"television” is a ______.
选择一项： a. free morpheme b. bound form
c. inflectional morpheme d. bound morpheme
In terms of morphemic analysis, d____ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. 答案：
正确答案是：derivation
Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 选择一项： 对 错
Morphemes that represent \"tense\are called ________ morphemes. 选择一项： a. inflectional b. derivational c. bound d. free
The compound word \"bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
选择一项：
a. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
b. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes c. None of the choices
d. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix \"tion\" in the word \"action\" is known s a/an ________ morpheme. 选择一项： a. bound b. free
c. inflectional d. derivational
The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m____ rules. 答案：
正确答案是：morphological
A s____ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may cause change in its part of speech. 答案：
正确答案是：suffix
There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. 选择一项：
对 错
Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d____ affixes. 答案：
正确答案是：derivative
Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. 选择一项： 对 错
The affix \"-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. g
正确答案是：grammatical
The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________. 选择一项：
a. the second element
b. either the first or the second element c. both the first and the second elements. d. the first element
The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 选择一项： 对
错
The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______. 选择一项： a. lexical b. grammatical c. semantic d. morphemic
Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 选择一项： 对 错
D____ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. 答案：
正确答案是：Derivative
____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. 选择一项： a. Affixes b. Roots c. Prefixes d. Suffixes
Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. 选择一项：
对 错
There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. 选择一项： 对 错
Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 选择一项： 对 错
________ is best described as the sallest unit of meaning. 选择一项： a. word b. morpheme c. clause d. phoneme
Bound morphemes are those that ___________. 选择一项：
a. can not be combined with other morphemes b. have to be combined with other morphemes. c. can either be free or bound d. have to be used independently
B____ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 答案：
正确答案是：Bound
The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________. 选择一项：
a. either the first or the second element b. the first element c. the second element
d. both the first and the second elements.
A s____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. 正确答案是：stem
Which of the following does NOT belong to \"open class words\" 选择一项： a. conjunctions b. adjectives c. adverbs d. nouns
________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. 选择一项：
a. roots b. stems c. compounds d. affixes
_________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 选择一项： a. Morphology b. Morpheme c. Syntax d. Grammar
\"-s” in the word \"books” is _______. 选择一项：
a. a derivative affix b. a root c. a stem
d. an inflectional affix
Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 选择一项： 对 错
The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
选择一项： 对 错
Morphemes that represent \"tense\are called ________ morphemes. 选择一项： a. derivational b. free
c. inflectional
d. bound
Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 选择一项： 对
错
Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. 选择一项： 对 错
M____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 答案：
正确答案是：Morpheme
or _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. 选择一项： a. Sentences b. Morphemes c. Words d. Phonemes
Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 选择一项： 对 错
Of word level categories, m____ lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation. 正确答案是：major
The movement of a word form the head position in one phrase into the head position in another is known as h____ movement. 正确答案是：head
The subordinate sentence in a complex is an embedded clause and the clause into which it is inserted is called a m____ clause. 正确答案是：matrix
\"The student\" in the sentence \"The student liked the linguistic lecture\" and \"The linguistic lecture\" in the sentence \"The linguistic lecture liked the student\" belong to the same syntactic category. 选择一项： 对 错
The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of sentence is l____. 正确答案是：linear
\"Tom gave the book to Mary.\" can be changed to \"To whom did Tom give the book\" This involves____. 选择一项： a. AUX-movement b. NP-movement c. Head movement d. WH-movement
XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP \"a boy of six\" consists of Det, N, and PP, with Det being the s____, N the head and PP the complement. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：specifier
The p____ structure rules allow us to better understand how phrases and clauses are generated. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：phrase
Indicate the category of the italicized word in the sentence \"The car
suddenly crashed onto the river bank.\" 选择一项： a. adj. b. aux. c. det. d. qual.
Wh-movement is always obligatory in language when it is intended to change from an affirmative to an interrogative. 选择一项： 对 错
In the phrase structure rule \" S --> NP + VP\____. 选择一项：
a. consists of b. generates c. is equal to d. has
A____ is the movement of an auxilary verb to the sentence-initial position, su ch as \"be\" \"have\" \"do\ 正确答案是：AUX-movement
Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed and sentences generated. 选择一项： 对 错
To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, i____ and distribution. 正确答案是：inflection
Of the following phrases, which one is an example of PP 选择一项：
a. the argument against the proposals b. already above the window
c. often read detective stories d. rich in minerals
The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the _____. 选择一项：
a. surface structure b. syntactic structure c. phrase structure d. deep structure
Grammatical sentences are formed by following a set of unlimited syntactic rules. 选择一项： 对 错
Indicate the category of the italicized word in the sentence \" This cloth feels quite soft.\" 选择一项： a. adj. b. deg. c. det. d. qual.
Constituents which can be subsituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 选择一项：
对 错
The elements in a phrase that specify optionally expressible properties of heads are called ____. 选择一项： a. modifiers b. specifiers c. complements d. heads
Indicate the category of the italicized word in the sentence \" This cloth feels quite soft.\" 选择一项： a. qual. b. det. c. adj. d. deg.
\"Tom gave the book to Mary.\" can be changed to \"To whom did Tom give the book\" This involves____. 选择一项： a. NP-movement b. Head movement c. WH-movement d. AUX-movement
Wh-movement is always obligatory in language when it is intended to change from an affirmative to an interrogative. 选择一项： 对 错
The information about a word's complement is included in the head and termed s____.
正确答案是：subcategorization
\"The student\" in the sentence \"The student liked the linguistic lecture\" and \"The linguistic lecture\" in the sentence \"The linguistic lecture liked the student\" belong to the same syntactic category. 选择一项： 对 错
UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human being. 选择一项： 对 错
The elements in a phrase that specify optionally expressible properties of heads are called ____. 选择一项： a. heads b. modifiers c. specifiers d. complements
The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker is known as linguistic c____. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：competence
A c____ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as \"and\" \"but\" \"or\". 答案：反馈
正确答案是：coordinate
XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP \"a boy of six\" consists of Det, N, and PP, with Det being the s____, N the head and PP the complement.
答案：反馈
正确答案是：specifier
The movement of a word form the head position in one phrase into the head position in another is known as h____ movement. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：head
The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole. 选择一项： 对 错
Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed c____. 正确答案是：complementizers
The subordinate sentence in a complex is an embedded clause and the clause into which it is inserted is called a m____ clause. 答案：
反馈
正确答案是：matrix
Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called ____. 选择一项： a. modifiers b. complements c. specifiers d. phrases
Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order. 选择一项： 对 错
Grammatical sentences are formed by following a set of unlimited syntactic rules. 选择一项： 对 错
For any natural language, a set of s____ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences. 正确答案是：syntactic
The p____ structure rules allow us to better understand how phrases and clauses are generated. 正确答案是：phrase
The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences which can be produced. 选择一项： 对 错
UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human being. 选择一项： 对 错
Indicate the category of the italicized word in the sentence \"The car
suddenly crashed onto the river bank.\" 选择一项： a. det. b. qual.
c. aux. d. adj.
Of the following phrases, which one is an example of PP 选择一项：
a. rich in minerals
b. often read detective stories c. the argument against the proposals d. already above the window
Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed c____. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：complementizers
For any natural language, a set of s____ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences. 正确答案是：syntactic
The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the _____. 选择一项：
a. phrase structure b. deep structure
c. syntactic structure d. surface structure
The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences which can be produced. 选择一项： 对 错
Of word level categories, m____ lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation. 正确答案是：major
Constituents which can be subsituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 选择一项： 对 错
A c____ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as \"and\" \"but\" \"or\". 正确答案是：coordinate
The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.
选择一项： 对 错
Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called ____. 选择一项： a. modifiers b. complements c. specifiers d. phrases
Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed and sentences generated. 选择一项： 对 错
The information about a word's complement is included in the head and termed s____. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：subcategorization
A____ is the movement of an auxilary verb to the sentence-initial position, su ch as \"be\" \"have\" \"do\ 正确答案是：AUX-movement
Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order. 选择一项： 对 错
The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of sentence is l____. 正确答案是：linear
To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, i____ and distribution. 正确答案是：inflection
The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker is known as linguistic c____. 正确答案是：competence
In the phrase structure rule \" S --> NP + VP\____. 选择一项： a. consists of b. generates c. has
d. is equal to
The naming theory is advanced by ________. 选择一项：
a. Geoffrey Leech b. Plato c. Firth d. Bloomfield
___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. 选择一项： a. Synonymy b. Polysemy c. Homonymy d. Hyponymy
Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. 选择一项： 对
错
Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 选择一项： 对 错
Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 选择一项： 对 错
\"it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. 选择一项： 对 错
Which of the following is NOT true 选择一项：
a. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. b. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. c. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
d. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.
Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. 选择一项： 对 错
The sentence \"John bought a Ford\" ________ \"John bought a car\". 选择一项： a. presupposes b. is synonymous with c. is consistent with d. entails
The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. 选择一项：
a. grammatical rules b. semantic rules
c. selectional restrictions d. semantic features
In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. 选择一项： 对 错
R___ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. 答案：
正确答案是：Relational
Predication analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze the meaning of a ________. 选择一项： a. phrase b. morpheme c. word d. sentence
Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s____ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：selectional
R____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 答案：反馈
g
正确答案是：Reference
\"We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______. 选择一项：
a. the naming theory b. the conceptualist view c. contexutalism d. behaviourism
\"Can I borrow your bike” _______ \" You have a bike.” 选择一项：
a. is synonymous with b. is inconsistent with c. presupposes d. entails
An a____ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 答案：g
正确答案是：argument
In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. 选择一项： 对 错
The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 选择一项： 对 错
_________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 选择一项： a. Concept b. Reference c. Semantics d. Sense
The sentene \"How fast did he drive when he ran the red light\" ________ \"He ran the red light.\" 选择一项： a. includes b. entails c. contradicts d. presupposes
Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. 选择一项： 对
错
The relation between the words \"animal\" and \"monkey\" is that of ________. 选择一项： a. hyponymy b. polysemy c. homonymy d. synonymy
___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. 选择一项：
a. Phonemic analysis b. Componential analysis c. Grammatical analysis d. Predication analysis
Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s____ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 答案：
正确答案是：selectional
When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h____. g
正确答案是：homophones
R____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 正确答案是：Reference
The conceptualist view holds that there is no d____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：direct
\"Lift\" and \"elevator\" are used respectively in British English and American English, but they refer to the same thing. These words are ________ synonyms. 选择一项： a. complete b. stylistic c. dialectal d. collocational
C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 答案：反馈
g
正确答案是：Componential
题目12
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Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目13
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Words that are close in meaning are called s回答反馈 g
正确答案是：synonyms
.
题目14
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S____ can be defined as the study of meaning. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：Semantics
题目15
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标记题目 题干
An a____ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：argument
题目16
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标记题目 题干
In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目17
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Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. 选择一项： a. homonyms b. polysemy c. hyponyms d. synonyms 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：synonyms
题目18
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According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. 答案：
反馈 g
正确答案是：naming
题目19
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When a statement is negated, its presupposition is ________.选择一项：
a. neither true nor false b. false c. still true d. also negated 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：still true
题目20
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\"alive” and \"dead” are ______________. 选择一项：
a. relational opposites b. None of the above c. gradable antonyms d. complementary antonyms 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：complementary antonyms
题目1
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
\"Can I borrow your bike” _______ \" You have a bike.” 选择一项： a. presupposes
b. is inconsistent with c. is synonymous with d. entails 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：presupposes
题目2
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈
g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目3
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. 选择一项：
a. selectional restrictions b. grammatical rules c. semantic rules d. semantic features 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：grammatical rules
题目4
未回答 满分
标记题目
题干
Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. 选择一项： a. synonyms b. hyponyms c. homonyms d. polysemy 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：synonyms
题目5
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
The conceptualist view holds that there is no d____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 答案：反馈
g
正确答案是：direct
题目6
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
The naming theory is advanced by ________. 选择一项： a. Firth b. Plato
c. Geoffrey Leech d. Bloomfield 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：Plato
题目7
未回答 满分
标记题目
题干
\"it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目8
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
S____ can be defined as the study of meaning. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：Semantics
题目9
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
\"Lift\" and \"elevator\" are used respectively in British English and American English, but they refer to the same thing. These words are ________ synonyms. 选择一项：
a. collocational b. complete c. dialectal d. stylistic 反馈
你的回答不正确 正确答案是：dialectal
题目10
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目11
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：Componential
题目12
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
When a statement is negated, its presupposition is ________. 选择一项： a. false b. still true
c. neither true nor false d. also negated 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：still true
题目13
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
选择一项： a. Polysemy b. Homonymy c. Synonymy d. Hyponymy 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：Homonymy
题目14
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
The sentence \"John bought a Ford\" ________ \"John bought a car\". 选择一项： a. entails
b. is consistent with c. is synonymous with d. presupposes 反馈
你的回答不正确 正确答案是：entails
题目15
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
\"alive” and \"dead” are ______________. 选择一项：
a. complementary antonyms b. relational opposites c. None of the above d. gradable antonyms 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：complementary antonyms
题目16
未回答 满分
标记题目
题干
Which of the following is NOT true 选择一项：
a. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
b. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.
c. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. d. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
题目17
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
选择一项： 对 错 反馈 g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目18
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. 选择一项：
a. Grammatical analysis b. Componential analysis c. Phonemic analysis d. Predication analysis 反馈
incorrect feedback g
正确答案是：Componential analysis
题目19
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目20
未回答 满分
标记题目 题干
Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 g
正确的答案是“对”。
Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。
题目2
正确
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标记题目 题干
The exchange below can be used as an illustration of ________ .
A: Your new shirt is really nice! B: No, no. It's very cheap.
选择一项：
a. flouting of the maxim of manner b. a pragmatic failure c. the violation of CP d. a grammatical mistake 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：a pragmatic failure
题目3
正确
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标记题目 题干
The meaning of a sentence is a____, and decontextualized. 答案：反馈
g
正确答案是：abstract
题目4
正确
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标记题目 题干
Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目5
正确
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标记题目 题干
John Austin proposed the notion of indirect speech act, which aimed to explain indirect language in the light of the speech act theory. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目6
正确
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标记题目 题干
A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. 选择一项： a. grammatical b. conceptual c. pragmatic d. mental 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：grammatical
题目7
不正确 获得分中的分
标记题目 题干
Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Seale. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目8
不正确 获得分中的分
标记题目 题干
A c____ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：commisive
题目9
正确
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标记题目 题干
The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics. 选择一项：
a. behaviouristic b. intrinsic c. logical d. contextual 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：intrinsic
题目10
正确
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标记题目 题干
Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目11
正确
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标记题目 题干
Pramatic failure may occur ________ .
选择一项：
a. among speakers of the same language only b. in cross-cultural communication only c. among learners of a foreign language only
d. in both cross-cultural and intra-cultural communication 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：in both cross-cultural and intra-cultural communication
题目12
正确
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标记题目 题干
The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目13
正确
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标记题目 题干
C____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：Constatives
题目14
不正确 获得分中的分
标记题目 题干
In the exchange below the second speaker has flouted the maxim of ________ .
A: How much do you earn
B: More than my boss is willing to pay me but less than I want to be paid. 选择一项： a. relation b. quantity c. manner d. quality 反馈
你的回答不正确 正确答案是：quantity
题目15
正确
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标记题目 题干
According to Seale, the illocutionary acts whose point is to get the hearer to do something are called ________ . 选择一项： a. commissives b. directions
c. declarations d. expressives 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：directions
题目16
正确
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标记题目 题干
The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目17
正确
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标记题目 题干
Speech act theory did not come into being until __________. 选择一项：
a. in the late 50's of the 20the century b. in the late 1960's c. in the early 1950's
d. in the early 21st century. 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：in the late 50's of the 20the century
题目18
正确
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标记题目 题干
In the exchange below the second speaker has flouted the maxim of ________ .
A: The movie we saw last night was fantastic, don't you think B: The sound effect was good. 选择一项： a. relation b. quantity c. manner d. quality 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：quantity
题目19
正确
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标记题目 题干
If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u____. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：utterance
题目20
正确
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标记题目 题干
What essentially distinguishes s____ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：semantics
________ is advanced by Paul Grice. 选择一项：
a. The General Principle of Universal Grammar b. Adjacency Principle c. Politeness Principle d. Cooperative Principle
Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. 选择一项：
对
错 According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______. 选择一项：
a. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
b. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs. c. to commit the speaker to something's being the case d. to get the hearer to do something
The exchange below can be used as an illustration of ________ .
A: Your new shirt is really nice! B: No, no. It's very cheap.
选择一项：
a. the violation of CP b. a pragmatic failure c. a grammatical mistake
d. flouting of the maxim of manner
Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. 选择一项：
对 错
Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Seale. 选择一项：
对 错
A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. 选择一项：
a. pragmatic b. grammatical c. mental d. conceptual
When any of the maxims under the Cooperative Principle is flouted, ________ might arise. 选择一项：
a. impoliteness
b. conversational implicatures c. mutual understanding d. contradictions
P____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. 答
Performative 案
：
正确答案是：Performatives
In the exchange below the second speaker has flouted the maxim of ________ .
A: The movie we saw last night was fantastic, don't you think B: The sound effect was good.
选择一项：
a. quantity
b. manner c. relation d. quality
According to Seale, the illocutionary acts whose point is to get the hearer to do something are called ________ . 选择一项：
a. commissives b. expressives c. directions d. declarations
Pramatic failure may occur ________ . 选择一项：
a. among learners of a foreign language only b. in cross-cultural communication only
c. in both cross-cultural and intra-cultural communication d. among speakers of the same language only Utterances always take the form of complete sentences 选择一项：
对 错
To greet his teacher from UK, a Chinese student says to him: \"Have you had your breakfast, Professor Leech\" This is a good example of ________ . 选择一项：
a. sociopragmatic failure
b. flouting of the maxim of relation c. fouting of the maxim of manner d. pragmalinguistic failure
All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________. 选择一项：
a. in their intentions expressed b. in their effect brought about c. in their illocutionary acts. d. in their strength or force
The notion of c___ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 答
context案
：
正确答案是：context
Which of the following is true 选择一项：
a. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. b. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
c. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. d. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
选择一项：
对 错
If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u____. 答
utterance案
：
正确答案是：utterance
John Austin proposed the notion of indirect speech act, which aimed to explain indirect language in the light of the speech act theory. 选择一项：
对 错
Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication 选择一项：
对 错
What essentially distinguishes s____ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 答
semantics案
：
正确答案是：semantics
A l____ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
答
locutionary 案
：
正确答案是：locutionary
Imperative sentences are typically used to perform the speech acts of ________ . 选择一项：
a. commissives b. directives c. expressives d. assertives
It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. 选择一项：
对 错
Speech act theory did not come into being until __________. 选择一项：
a. in the late 1960's
b. in the early 21st century. c. in the early 1950's
d. in the late 50's of the 20the century
If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a/an _________. 选择一项：
a. directive
b. constative c. utterance d. expressive
A c____ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action. 答
commissive 案
：
正确答案是：commisive
What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 选择一项：
对 错
The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics. 选择一项：
a. contextual b. intrinsic c. logical d. behaviouristic
Which of the following utterances can serve as an example of the type of speech acts called \"declarations\" 选择一项：
a. I'm awfully sorry for stepping on your toes. b. Will you sit down, please
c. The earth is a globe. d. You are fired!
C____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. 答
Constatives案
：
Constatives
_________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. 选择一项：
a. Pragmatics b. Sense relation c. Semantics d. Concept
An i____ act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 答
illocutionary 案
：
正确答案是：illocutionary
Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention. 选择一项：
对 错
The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. 选择一项：
对
错 The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. 选择一项：
对 错
The function of the utterance \"Nice weather, isn't it\" is ________ . 选择一项：
a. descriptive b. referential c. phatic d. directive 你的回答不正确 正确答案是：phatic
P____ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 答
Pragmatics 案
：
正确答案是：Pragmatics
The inference of conventional implicature depends on ________ . 选择一项：
a. the context of communication b. the hearer's knowledge of the CP
c. the shared knowlege of the speaker and the hearer d. the hearer's knowledge of the language
In the exchange below the second speaker has flouted the maxim of ________ .
A: How much do you earn
B: More than my boss is willing to pay me but less than I want to be paid.
选择一项：
a. quantity b. quality c. manner d. relation
The meaning of a sentence is a____, and decontextualized. 答
abstract 案
：
正确答案是：abstract
What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered. 选择一项：
a. practical usage b. speech act c. reference d. context 正确答案是：context
1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. 7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. 8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
9. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. 10. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given. 11. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
12. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action. 13. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
14. What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
15. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________. 17. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontextualized.
18. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
19. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were
not verifiable.
20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation D. Concept
22. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.
A. contextual B. behaviouristic C. intrinsic D. logical
23. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered. A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context
24. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual
25. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________. A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive 26. Which of the following is true
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. C. No utterances can take the form of sentences. D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. 27. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________. A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century.
28. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act
29. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______. A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs. 30. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.
A. in their illocutionary acts. B. in their intentions expressed C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about
IV. Define the terms below:
37. pragmatics 38. context 39. utterance meaning 40. sentence meaning 41. constative 42. performative
43. locutionary act 44. illocutionary act 45. perlocutionary act 46. Cooperative Principle
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
47. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other 48. How does a sentence differ from an utterance
49. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning 50. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
51. Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with examples.
52. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle 53. How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures 第六章答案
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l. F 2. F
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. illocutionary 12. commissive 13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract 19. Performatives 20. locutionary
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21. A
IV. Define the terms below:
31. pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
32. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
33. utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
34. sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.
35. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;
36. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act.
37. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonol-ogy.
38. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
39. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
40. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
41. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other
Traditional semantics studied meaning, but the meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic, and inherent, . a property attached to language itself. Therefore, meanings of words, meanings of sentences were all studied in an isolated manner, detached from the context in which they were used. Pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaning . If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. 42. How does a sentence differ from an utterance
A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate. An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value. If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance. Whether “Mary is beautiful.” is a sentence or an utterance depends on how we look at it. If we regard it as a grammatical unit or a self-contained unit in isolation, then it is a sentence. If we look at it as something uttered in a certain situation with a certain purpose,
then it is an utterance. Most utterances take the form of complete sentences, but some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences. 43. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning
A sentence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as a matter- of- fact statement, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities, too. So, the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.
44. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. For example: You have left the door wide open.
The locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words \" you,' \" have,\" \" door,\" \" left,\" \" open,\" etc. and expressed what the word literally mean.
The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance, he has expressed his intention of asking the hearer to close the door.
The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer understands that the speaker intends him to close the door and closes the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutiohary act is successfully performed .
45. Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with examples.
1) representatives: representatives are used to state, to describe, to report, etc.. The illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. For example: (I swear) I have never seen the man before. (I state) the earth is a globe.
2) directives: Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some-thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, ordering are all specific instances of this class. For example: Open the window!
3) commissives: Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action. When the speaker is speaking, he puts himself under obligation. For example: I promise to come.
I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.
4) expressives: The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs, . apologizing, thanking, congratulating. For example: I'm sorry for the mess I have made.
5) declarations: Declarations have the characteristic that the successful
performance of such an act brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. For example:
I now declare the meeting open.
46. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle The maxim of quantity
1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange) .
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 2. The maxim of quality
1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. maxim of relation Be relevant. The maxim of manner
1. Avoid obscurity of expression. 2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) . 4. Be orderly.
47. How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures A: Do you know where Mr. Smith lives
B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.
This is said when both A and B know that B does know Mr. Smith' s address. Thus B does not give enough information that is required, and he has flouted the maxim of quantity. Therefore, such conversational implicature as \"I do not wish to tell you where Mr. Smith lives\" is produced.
A: Would you like to come to our party tonight B: I'm afraid I' m not feeling so well today.
This is said when both A and B know that B is not having any health problem that will prevent him from going to a party. Thus B is saying something that he himself knows to be false and he is violating the maxim of quality. The conversational implicature \" I do not want to go to your party tonight\" is then produced. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don't you think B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren't they
This is said when both A and B know that it is entirely possible for B to make a comment on the hostess. Thus B is saying something irrelevant to what A has just said, and he has flouted the maxim of relation. The conversational implicature \"I don't wish to talk about the hostess in such a rude manner\" is produced. A: Shall we get something for the kids
B: Yes. But I veto I - C - E - C - R - E - A - M.
This is said when both A and B know that B has no difficulty in pronouncing the word \"ice-cream.\" Thus B has flouted the maxim of manner. The conversational implicature \"I don’t want the kids to know we are talking about ice-cream\" is then produced.
Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts. F
2. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers. F
3. Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another. T
4. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. T
5. The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership. T
6. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety ” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin. F speech varieties are known as regional dialects. F
8. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary. F
barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.
10. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. F
speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way. F
12. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect. T
13. The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages. F 14. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds. F are linguistically inferior to standard languages. F
16. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax. T
major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that the former usually has its native speakers while the latter doesn’t. F and diglossia mean the same thing. F
kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual. T use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the
disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting. F
II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:
21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c___ community _____.
22. Speech v_____ variety ____ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.
23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a d_____ dialectal _____ variety of a language.
24. Language standardization is also called language p___ planning ____. 25. Social variation gives rise to s__ sociolects _______ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.
26. S_____ Stylistic __ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o____ official ____ language of a country.
28. The standard language is a s_____ superimposed ____, socially prestigious dialect of language.
29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or v____ vernacular___ languages.
30. A pidgin typically lacks in i_ inflectional __ Idiolect ____ morphemes.
31. Linguistic taboo reflects s___social ______ taboo.
32. The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes, emotions and
value judgments and has no l_____ linguistic____ basis.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
33. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities. A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. Historical linguistics D. General linguistics
34. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____. A. use of words B. use of structures C. accent D. morphemes
35. ____ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional variation B. Language variation C. Social variation D. Register variation
36. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language. A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change D. Social barriers
37. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
A. Language interference B. Language changes C. Language planning D. Language transfer
38. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative
situation.
A. Regional variation B. Changes in emotions C. Variation in connotations D. Stylistic variation
39. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds . A. lingua franca B. register C. Creole D. national language
40. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language. A. vernacular languages B. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects
41. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background. A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old
42. A linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the \"polite\" society from general use. A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo
The standard language is a s____, socially prestigious dialect of language. 答superposed 案 ： g 正确答案是：superimposed
IV. Define the following terms:
43. sociolinguistics 44. speech community 45. speech variety 46. language planning 47. idiolect 48. standard language 49. nonstandard language 50. lingua franca 51. pidgin 52. Creole
53. diglossia 54. Bilingualism 55. ethnic dialect 56. Sociolect 57. register 58. slang 59. taboo 60. euphemism A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o____ language of a country. 答official案 ：正确答案是：official 题干 Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language. 选择一项： 对 错 题干 In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background. 选择一项： g
正确答案是：female; male
The language characteristic of people of the same social background is called ________.
选择一项： a. sciolect
The sentence \"He crazy\" and \"He be sick all the time\" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English. 选择一项： 对 When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. 选择一项： 错 social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g 正确的答案是“错”。 One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurence of s____ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group. 答social案 ：反馈 正确答案是：slang 题干 From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term \"speech variety ” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin. 选择一项： 对 错 反馈 F g 正确的答案是“错”。 Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect. 选择一项： 对 错 ____ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. 选择一项： d. Register variation
A pidgin typically lacks in i____ morphemes. 答inflectional案 ：反馈 g 正确答案是：inflectional In Halliday's terms register refers to ________. 选择一项： a. the language used for a certain occupation b. the channel of communication selected as appropriate for a certain situation c. the type of language selected as appropriate to a type of situation 正确答案是：the type of language selected as appropriate to a type of situation Social variation gives rise to s____ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc. 答sociolects案 ：反馈 g 正确答案是：sociolects I____ is a personal dialect of anindividual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. 答language案 ：正确答案是：Idiolect S____ variation in a person's speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. 答Stylistic案 ：反馈 g 正确答案是：Stylistic Which of the following statements in NOT true about Black English 选择一项： a. Black English has its own features at the sound, word, and sentence level. b. Back English is spoken by a small secter of privileged blacks c. Black English is just another non-standard variety of English. d. Black English tends to impress people as uneducated and inferior. 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：Back English is spoken by a small secter of privileged blacks Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages. 选择一项：
正确的答案是“错”。
Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the
same way. 选择一项：
正确的答案是“错”。
A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ________.
选择一项： c. code-switching
According to some investigations, all the following characterize women speakers' speech EXCEPT ________. 选择一项：
d. they tend to speak more quickly than men
IV. Define the following terms:
36. sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts. 37. speech community: The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community or a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.
38. speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The dis-tinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.
39. language planning: language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.
40. Idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that com-bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or another. In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual' s speech.
41. standard language : The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. 42. pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speak-ers of other languages as a medium of communication.
43. Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.
44. diglossia : Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.
45. Bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
46. ethnic dialect: Within a society, speech variation may come about because of different ethnic backgrounds . An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social
isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
47. Sociolect: Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
48. register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. Format reason, registers are also known as situational dialects .
According to Ferguson's investigation, the high form of a language is used in all the following situations in a diglossic country EXCEPT ________. 选择一项：
a. caption on political cartoon b. news broadcast c. university lectures d. sermon in church
When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a c____. 答案：
Wome in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables. 选择一项：
对
creole
错
Linguistic repertoire refers to ________. 选择一项：
a. all the words of his native language an individual knows b. all the speech acts an individual is capable of performing c. all the linguistic varieties an individual possesses d. all the regional dialects an individual speaks
The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c回答正确答案是：community
A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. 选择一项：
对 错
communit
.
In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 答案：bilingualism
正确答案是：bilingualism
Linguistic i____ can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the worldwide expansion of one language. 答案：反馈
imperialism
正确答案是：imperialism
Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as \"subvocal speech\" and speech as \"____\". 选择一项：
a. covert thought b. vocal thought c. overt thought d. subvocal thought 正确答案是：overt thought
Intercultural communiation, also known as c____ communication, is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinctict enough to alter the communication event. 答案：CommunicatIntercultural
正确答案是：cross-cultural
Which of the following about the relationship between language and culture is NOT true 选择一项：
a. Language use is tinted with its culture.
b. The relationship is analogous to that of structures and processes. c. The relationship is that of part to whole. d. Language expresses cultural reality.
正确答案是：The relationship is analogous to that of structures and processes.
France has made special efforts to protect its language from being corrupted by other language especially American English. This is a kind of ____.
选择一项：
a. linguistic nationalism b. linguistic imperialism c. negative qualities d. cultural imperialism 正确答案是：linguistic nationalism
Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is NOT true 选择一项：
a. Nonverbal actions always occur in isolation.
b. Nonberbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate, and to contradict a communication event.
c. Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involves shared understanding.
d. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture's underlying attitudes and values.
正确答案是：Nonverbal actions always occur in isolation.
Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexism, just as it is not obscene, but it can connote sexism attitudes as well as attitudess about social taboos or racism. 选择一项：
对 错
The meaning that can be found in the dictionary is the ____ meaning of a word.
选择一项：
a. dictionary b. connotative c. iconic d. denotative 正确答案是：denotative
Language as keystone of culture is tightly intertwined with culture. Learning a language is inseparable from learning is c____. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：culture
The famous lilne \"My love is a red, red rose\" stirs up vividly the imagination of a beautiful lady. This is the ____ meaning of \"rose\". 选择一项：
a. denotative b. dictionary c. iconic d. connotative
Cultural
In a speech community people have something in common ____, a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. 选择一项：
a. culturally b. socially c. pragmatically
d. lingusitically 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：lingusitically
According to Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which of the following is NOT true 选择一项：
a. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.
b. Language patterns determine or influence people's thinking and behavior. c. Language structure people habitually use shows no influence on people's behavior.
d. Language filters people's perception and the way they categorize experiences. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the contiunal process of cultural ____ across generations. 选择一项：
a. communication b. revolution c. transmission d. evaluation 正确答案是：transmission
A ____ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . \"pass away\" for \"die\". 选择一项：
a. blend
b. coinage c. euphemism d. taboo
A____ is the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society, though not always completely. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：Assimilation
Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different lingusitic coding systems. 选择一项：
对 错
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is about ____. 选择一项：
a. language and translation b. language acquisition c. language and thought d. cultural structure 正确答案是：language and thought
According to the strong version of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, there is no real translation between languages. 选择一项：
对
Assimilation
错
Since the world is becoming a \"global village\cultural diffusion will be inevitable. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“对”。
The uniqueness of each group's language uses in grammatical, lexical and phonological aspects, the ways they talk and the style with which they talk, etc. constitute different discourse a____. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：accents
Chapter 10：Language Acquisition
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. L1 development and L2 development seem to involve the same processes. F 2. The capacity to acquire one’s first language is a fundamental human trait that all human beings are equally well possessed with. T
3. All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. T 4. Children follow a similar acquisition schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures, though there is an idiosyncratic variation in the amount of time that takes individuals to master different aspects of the grammar. T
5. Humans can be said to be predisposed and biologically programmed to acquire at
accents
least one language. T
6. Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages. F
7. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the vocabulary and the meaning of language. F
8. Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, this genetic predisposition is a sufficient condition for language development. F
9. Children who grow up in culture where caretaker speech is absent acquire their native language more slowly than children who are exposed to caretaker speech. F 10. In mother tongue acquisition, normal children are not necessarily equally successful. F
11. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and require little conscious instruction on the part of adults. T
12. The available evidence to date indicates that an explicit teaching of correct forms to young children plays a minor role at best. T
13. Correction and reinforcement are not key factors in child language development as they were claimed to be. T
14. Imitation, plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language. T
15. Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input. T
16. A child’s babbling seems to depend on the presence of acoustic, auditory input. F
17. In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s first year. F
18. Children’s two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers. T
19. Children first acquire the sounds in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to, and in late stages acquire the more difficult sounds. T
20. Language acquisition begins at about the same time as lateralization does and is normally complete, as far as the essentials are concerned, by the time that the process of lateralization comes to an end. T
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. The first language a______ acquisition ______ refers to the development of a first or native language.
22. According to a n_____ nativist _____ view of language acquisition, humans are quipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use, just as birds are biologically prewired to learn the songs of their species.
23. A caretaker speech, also called m___ motherese ___ or b__ babytalk ____, is the type of modified speech typically addressed to young children.
24. B______ Behaviorist ___ learning theory suggested that a child’s verbal behaviour was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following response.
25. Children’s one-word utterances are also called h_____ holophrastic _____ sentences, because they can be used to express a concept or predication that would be associated with an entire sentence in adult speech.
26. The early multiword utterances of children lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories, they are often referred to as t__ telegraphic ________ speech.
27. A_______ Acquisition ____ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
28. The C_____ Contrastive ___ Analysis was founded on the belief that it was possible,
by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.
29. The language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA is known as i___ interlanguage ______.
30. Learners subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t____ transfer _______.
31. Motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learner’s overall goal or orientation. I_____ Instrumental ____ motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional and i_____ integrative ___ motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the one that can best complete the statement:
32. In first language acquisition, imitation plays _________. A. a minor role B. a significant role C. a basic role D. no rule
33. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs _____________. A. with much imitation
B. with little conscious instruction C. with much correction from their parents D. with little linguistic input
34. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences . A. cultural B. grammatical C. behaviour D. pragmatic
35. ____ has been found to occur usually in children' s pronunciation or reporting of the truthfulness of utterances, rather than in the grammaticality of sentences. A. Punishment B. Instruction C. Reinforcement D. Imitation
36. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community. A. acculturation view B. mentalist view C. behaviourist view D. conceptualist view
37. In general, a good second learner is an adolescent ________. A. who has a strong and well-defined motivation to learn B. who seeks out all chances to interact with the input
C. who is willing to identify himself with the culture of the target language community D. all the above
38. The optimum age for second language acquisition is ________________. A. early teenage B. after puberty C. at puberty
D. after the brain lateralization
39. The formal instruction in second language acquisition ___________. A. has no effect at all
B. has a powerful delayed effect C. has very little effect D. has unsatisfactory effect
40. ________ is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction.
A. The second language learners’ unwillingness to learn
B. The Poor classroom teaching
C. The fossilization of the learner’s interlanguage D. The learner’s lack of instrumental motivation 41. Which of the following is not true
A. Interlanguage is a product of communicative strategies of the learner. B. Interlanguage is a product of mother tongue interference.
C. Interlanguage is a product of overgeneralization of the target language rules. D. Interlanguage is the representation of learners’ unsystematic L2 rules. 42. _________, except those with mental or physical impairments, are better or worse first language acquirers. A. Some men B. Almost all men C. No men D. Few men
IV. Explain the following terms:
43. caretaker speech: It is the modified speech typically addressed to young children. Such modified speech is called babytalk, motherses, or parentese.
44. holophrastic sentences: They are children' s one-word utterances. They are called holophrastic sentences, because they can be used to express a concept or predication that would be associated with an entire sentence in adult speech. 45. telegraphic speech: They are the early multiword utterances of children which typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Some function words are altogether missing. What occur in these multiword utterances are usually the \"substantive\" or \"content\" words that carry the main message. Because of their resemblance to the style of language found in telegrams, utterances at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.
46. second language acquisition: Second language acquisition (SLA) is a general term which refers to the acquisition of a second language (L2) , in contrast with first
language acquisition (FLA). SLA is also used as a general term to refer to the acquisition of a foreign or subsequent language (such as a third or fourth language). Thus, SLA is primarily the study of how learners acquire or learn an additional language after they have acquired their first language (LI).
47. Acquisition: According to Krashen, acquisition refers to the gradual and subcon-scious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
48. Learning: Learning, however, is defined by Krashen as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. 49. Transfer: It refers to the phenomenon that learners subconsciously use their LI knowledge in learning a second language.
50. Interlanguage: It is a series of internal representations that comprises the learner's interim knowledge of the target language. This is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA. Interlanguage consists of a series of interlocking and approximate linguistic systems in-between and yet distinct from the learner's native and target languages. It represents the learner' s transitional competence moving along a learning continuum stretching from one' s LI competence to the target language competence.
51. Fossilization: it is a process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.
52. instrumental motivation: Adults are motivated to learn a second language in order to use it functionally. In other words, the learners desire to learn a second language because it is useful for some functional, “instrumental” goals. This motivation is called instrumental motivation.
53. integrative motivation: Adults are motivated to learn a second language in order to use it socially. In other words, the learners learn a second language in order
to communicate with native speakers of the target language.
54. Acculturation: It is the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 com-munity.
Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
Which of the following statements is true 选择一项：
a. Linguistic envirnment plays an important role in first language learning. b. All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language.
c. A child can begin his first language acquisition at any time. d. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar. 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：Linguistic envirnment plays an important role in first language learning.
The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of address, during ________. 选择一项：
a. vocabulary development
b. pragmatic development c. grammatical development d. atypical development 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：pragmatic development
A s____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：speech LAD refers to ________. 选择一项：
a. language acquisition development b. language acquisition device c. learning and direction d. language and direcion
In first language acquisition children usually ________ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear. 选择一项：
a. use b. reconstruct c. generalize d. accept 你的回答不正确
social
正确答案是：generalize
Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
Basically all the following categories EXCEPT ________ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage. 选择一项：
a. function words b. content words
c. inflectional morphemes d. the copula verb \"be\" 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：content words
Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the vocabulary and the meaning of language. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“错”。
In general, a good second learner is an adolescent ________. 选择一项：
a. who has a strong and well-defined motivation to learn b. who seeks out all chances to interact with the input c. all the choices
d. who is willing to identify himself with the culture of the target language community 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：all the choices
题目2 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Chinese students' mixture of \"he\" and \"she\" is only due to negative transfer. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目3 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community. 选择一项：
a. behaviourist view b. conceptualist view c. mentalist view d. acculturation view 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：acculturation view
题目4 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
According to markedness theory, SVO structure is more marked than OSV. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目5 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
It is S____ who first coined the term \"interlanguage\". 答
S.Pit Corder案
：
反馈
正确答案是：Selinker
题目6 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Generally speaking, an extrovert can do better than an introvert in mastering all the skills of a foreign language. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目7 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
Learners subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t____. 答
transfer案
：
反馈
正确答案是：transfer
题目8 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ____. 选择一项：
a. discourse role-switching b. sociall role-switching c. activity role-switching d. code-switching
反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：code-switching
题目9 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
In classroom second language learning setting, three key features, which are modified input, modified i____ and focus on form, hellp to build up its own uniqueness and learning effects as well. 答
intrinsic案
：
反馈
正确答案是：interaction
题目10 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The \"i\" in Krashen's Input Hypothesis refers to i____. 答
interlanguage案
：
反馈
正确答案是：input
题目11 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
In the following statements about motivation, which one is NOT true 选择一项：
a. It has a strong impact on a learner's efforts in learning a second language. b. It plays an important role in learner's use of learning strategies.
c. It is defined as the learner's attitudes and affective state or learning drive. d. It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose. 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose.
题目12 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA is known as i____.
答
interlanguage案
：
反馈
正确答案是：interlanguage
题目13 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The similar parts between one's native language and target language are easy to learn. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目14 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
As a type of lingustic system in L2 learning, ____ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. 选择一项：
a. language transfer b. linguistic relativity c. interlanguage d. interference 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：interlanguage
题目15 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Fossilization is a process ____. 选择一项：
a. A and C are correct.
b. in which incorrect linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence.
c. which can happen as a result of teachers' disapproval of an incorrect item. d. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect ones.
反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：in which incorrect linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence.
题目16 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The formal instruction in second language acquisition ____. 选择一项：
a. has no effect at all b. has unsatisfactory effect c. has very little effect d. has a powerful delayed effect 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：has a powerful delayed effect
题目17 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Memorizing words by reciting its usage in a sentence is a kind of c____ strategy according to O' Malley. 答
cognitive案
：
反馈
正确答案是：cognitive
题目18 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
\"The greater the difference, the greater the interference of the native language with the target language would be.\" This states ____. 选择一项： a. coalescence b. error analysis
c. the principle of transfer d. contrastive analysis 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：contrastive analysis
题目19 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learner's overall goal or orientation. I____ motivation occurs when the learner's goal is functional and integrative motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social. 答
Instrumental案
：
反馈
正确答案是：Instrumental
题目20 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
____ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language. 选择一项： a. Integrative b. Instrumental c. Social d. Functional 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：Integrative
All the SLA theories can be directly used in Chinese's learning of English.
选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目2 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The \"i\" in Krashen's Input Hypothesis refers to i____. 答
input案
：
反馈
正确答案是：input
题目3 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The formal instruction in second language acquisition ____. 选择一项：
a. has no effect at all b. has very little effect c. has unsatisfactory effect d. has a powerful delayed effect 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：has a powerful delayed effect
题目4 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learner's overall goal or orientation. I____ motivation occurs when the learner's goal is functional and integrative motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social. 答
instrumental案
：
反馈
正确答案是：Instrumental
题目5 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners' ____. 选择一项：
a. second language b. first language c. interlanguage d. foreign language 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：interlanguage
题目6 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
As a type of lingustic system in L2 learning, ____ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. 选择一项：
a. language transfer b. interference
c. interlanguage
d. linguistic relativity 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：interlanguage
题目7 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
____ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn language in addition to their native language. 选择一项： a. IPA b. IC Analysis c. SLA d. TG 反馈
你的回答正确 正确答案是：SLA
题目8 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
According to markedness theory, SVO structure is more marked than OSV. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目9 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
\"The greater the difference, the greater the interference of the native language with the target language would be.\" This states ____. 选择一项：
a. the principle of transfer b. error analysis c. contrastive analysis d. coalescence 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：contrastive analysis
题目10 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The C____ Analysis was founded on the belief that it was possible, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make. 答
Contrastive案
：
反馈
正确答案是：Contrastive
题目11 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Learners subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t____. 答
transfer案
：
反馈
正确答案是：transfer
题目12 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Which of the following is NOT true 选择一项：
a. Interlanguage is a product of overgeneralization of the target language rules. b. Interlanguage is a product of communicative strategies of the learner. c. Interlanguage is a product of mother tongue interference.
d. Interlanguage is the representation of learners' unsystematic L2 rules. 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：Interlanguage is the representation of learners' unsystematic L2 rules.
题目13 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The optimun age for second language acquisition is ____. 选择一项：
a. after the brain lateralization
b. after puberty c. early teenage d. at puberty 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：early teenage
题目14 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Fossilization is a process ____. 选择一项：
a. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect ones.
b. which can happen as a result of teachers' disapproval of an incorrect item. c. A and C are correct.
d. in which incorrect linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence. 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：in which incorrect linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence.
Language aptitude refers to the naturall ability for leaning a second language. It is believed to be related to a learner's general intelligence. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“对”。
题目16 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
____ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language. 选择一项： a. Social b. Instrumental c. Integrative d. Functional 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：Integrative
题目17 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
The similar parts between one's native language and target language are easy to learn. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目18 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
In general, a good second learner is an adolescent ________. 选择一项：
a. who seeks out all chances to interact with the input
b. who is willing to identify himself with the culture of the target language community
c. all the choices
d. who has a strong and well-defined motivation to learn 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：all the choices
题目19 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
Generally speaking, an extrovert can do better than an introvert in mastering all the skills of a foreign language. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目20 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
It is S____ who first coined the term \"interlanguage\". 答
Selinker案
：
反馈
正确答案是：Selinker
Self-esteem is also a type of personality. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“对”。
题目2 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
Chinese students' mixture of \"he\" and \"she\" is only due to negative transfer. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目3 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
In classroom second language learning setting, three key features, which are modified input, modified i____ and focus on form, hellp to build up its own uniqueness and learning effects as well. 答
interaction案
：
反馈
正确答案是：interaction
题目4 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
L1 development and L2 development seem to involve the same processes. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。
题目5 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
Fossilization is a process ____. 选择一项：
a. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect ones.
b. which can happen as a result of teachers' disapproval of an incorrect item. c. in which incorrect linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence.
d. A and C are correct. 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：in which incorrect linguistic features became a permanent part of a learner's competence.
题目6 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ____. 选择一项：
a. activity role-switching b. discourse role-switching c. code-switching
d. sociall role-switching 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：code-switching
题目7 正确 获得分中的分
标记题目
题干
According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community. 选择一项： a. mentalist view b. conceptualist view c. acculturation view d. behaviourist view 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：acculturation vie
According to Ferguson's investigation, the high form of a language is used in all the following situations in a diglossic country EXCEPT ________. 选择一项：
a. sermon in church
b. university lectures
c. caption on political cartoon d. news broadcast
反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：caption on political cartoon
In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：bilingualism 题目2 正确 获得分中的分
bilingualism
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题干
According to Ferguson's investigation, the high form of a language is used in all the following situations in a diglossic country EXCEPT ________. 选择一项：
a. sermon in church b. university lectures
c. caption on political cartoon d. news broadcast 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：caption on political cartoon 题目3 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈 T g
正确的答案是“对”。 题目4 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background. 选择一项：
a. female; male b. old; young
c. young; old d. male; female 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：female; male 题目5 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
_______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities. 选择一项：
a. A. Psycholinguistics b. C. Historical linguistics c. D. General linguistics d. B. Sociolinguistics 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：B. Sociolinguistics 题目6 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Speech v____ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：variety 题目7 正确 获得分中的分
variety
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题干
_______ are the major source of regional variation of language. 选择一项：
a. Social barriers
b. Loyalty to and confidence in one's native speech c. Geographical barriers
d. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：Geographical barriers 题目8
正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。 题目9 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。 题目10 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
A pidgin typically lacks in i____ morphemes. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：inflectional 题目11 正确 获得分中的分
inflectional
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题干
From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term \"speech variety ” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“错”。
题目12 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
R____ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situation. 答案：反馈
正确答案是：Registers 题目13 正确 获得分中的分
Registers
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题干
The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____. 选择一项：
a. morphemes b. accent
c. use of structures d. use of words 反馈
correct feedback g
正确答案是：accent
题目14 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
According to some investigations, all the following characterize women speakers' speech EXCEPT ________. 选择一项：
a. they tend to use such words as awfully, terribly more often than men b. they tend to use question tags more often than men c. they tend to be more correct in their usage than men d. they tend to speak more quickly than men 反馈
你的回答不正确
正确答案是：they tend to speak more quickly than men 题目15 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. 选择一项：
对
错 反馈
正确的答案是“错”。 题目16 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The standard language is a s____, socially prestigious dialect of language. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：superimposed 题目17 正确 获得分中的分
superposed
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题干
S____ variation in a person's speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. 答案：反馈 g
正确答案是：Stylistic
Stylistic
题目18 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈 F g
正确的答案是“对”。 题目19 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. 选择一项：
对 错 反馈
F g
正确的答案是“错”。 题目20 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
In Halliday's terms register refers to ________. 选择一项：
a. the area of operation of the language activity
b. the type of language selected as appropriate to a type of situation c. the language used for a certain occupation
d. the channel of communication selected as appropriate for a certain situation 反馈 你的回答正确
正确答案是：the type of language selected as appropriate to a type of situation
题目8 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The C____ Analysis was founded on the belief that it was possible, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make. 答
Contrastive案
：
反馈
正确答案是：Contrastive
题目9 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
In the following statements about motivation, which one is NOT true 选择一项：
a. It has a strong impact on a learner's efforts in learning a second language. b. It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose.
c. It is defined as the learner's attitudes and affective state or learning drive. d. It plays an important role in learner's use of learning strategies. 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose.
题目10 正确
获得分中的分
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题干
____' Input Hypothesis is one of the most famous theories among different models of second language acquisition. 选择一项： a. Austin b. Krashen c. Chomsky d. Halliday 反馈
你的回答正确 正确答案是：Krashen
题目11 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
In general, a good second learner is an adolescent ________. 选择一项：
a. who is willing to identify himself with the culture of the target language community
b. who seeks out all chances to interact with the input
c. all the choices
d. who has a strong and well-defined motivation to learn 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：all the choices
题目12 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Memorizing words by reciting its usage in a sentence is a kind of c____ strategy according to O' Malley. 答
cognitive案
：
反馈
正确答案是：cognitive
题目13 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA is known as i____.
答
interlanguage案
：
反馈
正确答案是：interlanguage
题目14 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Which of the following is NOT true 选择一项：
a. Interlanguage is the representation of learners' unsystematic L2 rules.
b. Interlanguage is a product of overgeneralization of the target language rules. c. Interlanguage is a product of mother tongue interference.
d. Interlanguage is a product of communicative strategies of the learner. 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：Interlanguage is the representation of learners' unsystematic L2 rules.
题目15 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
\"The greater the difference, the greater the interference of the native language with the target language would be.\" This states ____. 选择一项： a. coalescence
b. contrastive analysis c. error analysis
d. the principle of transfer 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：contrastive analysis
题目16 未回答 满分
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题干
If the anxiety is good to arouse learners' motivation for study, we call it f____ anxiety, if it has negative effect on learner's study, we call it debilitating anxiety. 答
案
反馈
正确答案是：facilitating
题目17 正确
：
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题干
The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences. 选择一项： a. behavioral b. grammatical c. pramatic d. cultural 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：grammatical
题目18 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Language aptitude refers to the naturall ability for leaning a second language. It is believed to be related to a learner's general intelligence. 选择一项：
对 错
反馈
正确的答案是“对”。
题目19 正确 获得分中的分
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题干
The formal instruction in second language acquisition ____. 选择一项：
a. has very little effect b. has no effect at all c. has unsatisfactory effect d. has a powerful delayed effect 反馈
你的回答正确
正确答案是：has a powerful delayed effect
题目20 不正确 获得分中的分
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题干
Corder divided errors into three types from the learners' perspective, p____ errors, systematic errors and postsystematic errors.
答permeability案 ：反馈 正确答案是：presystematic
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