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高中英语辅导资料

来源：华佗小知识

高中英语辅导资料

第一讲：英语国际音标表（48个）一、元音（20个）：发音时气流在通路上不受发音器官的阻碍

单元音12个 /ɪ / /ɔ / /ʊ/

1、前元音 4个 /i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/

2、爆破辅音6个 /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ / k/ /g/

/ə/ / ʌ/ /e/

/i:/ /ɔ:/ /U:/

/ ɜ:/ /ɑ:/ /æ/

双元音8个 /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/

/eə/ /ʊə/ /əʊ/

/aʊ/

二、辅音（26个）发音时气流在通路上受到发音器官的阻碍

轻辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/

浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ 鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

边音 / h/ /r/ （ / j/ / w/）舌侧音 / ǀ/

三、半元音（2个）既有元音的特点又有辅音的特点，发音时气流受到发音器官的阻碍没有辅音大半元音 /j/ /w/ 跟读：

3、中元音3个 / ɜ:/ /ə/ / ʌ/ 4、摩擦辅音4个 /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/

5、后元音5个 /ɑ:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/ /ʊ/ /ʊ：/

6、摩擦辅音4个 /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/

7、合口双元音5个 /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /eɪ/ /aʊ/ /əʊ/

8、鼻辅音3个 /m/ /n/

/ŋ/

9、破擦音6个 /tʃ/ /tr/

/ts/

/dʒ/ /dr/

/dz/

10、集中双元音3个 /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/

11、舌侧音1个 / ǀ/ 12、摩擦音2个 / r/ / h/ 13、半元音2个 /w/ /j/

[ i:] i:t mi:t pi:t ni:t

[ e ] et met pet net [ p ] pi:t pet pen [ b ] bi:t bet ben [ t ] ti: ten det [ d ] di: den ded [ m ] mi:t met bi:m ti:m [ i:] i:t si:t li:d bi:d [ i ] it sit lid bid [ i ] it bit did tʃik [ e ] et bet ded tʃek [ æ ] læm bæt mæs bæk [ ai] laim bait mais baik [ n ] ni:t net bi:n ti:n [ i:] i:t si:t mi:t bi:t [ ei] eit seit meit beit [ ei] leit meit beid pein [ e ] let met bed pen [ e ] let bet set det [ ə ] letə betə setə detə [ æ ] bæd mæt s mæn [ e ] bed met sed men [ i:] i:t mi:t si:t li:d [ e ] et met set led [ ei] eit meit beit leid [ æ ] æt mæt bæt læd [ l ] li:d let leim læp [ n ] ni:d net neim næp [ l ] mil si:l teil peil [lə] ’milə ’si:lə ’teilə ’peilə [ s ] æs les ni:s beis [ z ] æz lez ni:z beiz [ts] pæts bets si:ts meits [dz] pædz bedz si:ds meids

θ] θi:m θik ti:θ deθ ʃ] tʃi:p tʃin eitʃ bætʃ ʒ] dʒi:p dʒin eidʒ bædʒ əʊ] kəʊt nəʊt kəʊp həʊp ɔ ] kɔt nɔt kɔp hɔp ɔ ] kɔt hɔt dɔk pɔk 2

[ ai] aim mait pail lain [ ei] eim meit peil lein [ k ] pik bæk pek kein[ g ] big bæg peg gein[[ ð ] ðis ðen si:ð deið [t[d[[ [ [ a:] ka:t ha:t da:k pa:k [ a:] pa:k la:k ba:k da:k [ ai] paik laik baik daik [ w ] wet went wail wain [ v ] vet vent vail vain [ r ] ri:d rait reit ridl [ l ] li:d lait leit litl [ j ] ji: ji:st ji:ld jet [ i:] i: i:st i:l i:t [ u:] fu:l ku:l tu:l gu:l

[ u ] kul kud tuk gus [ ɔ ] pɔt lɔk kɔk bɔk [ u ] put luk kuk buk [ u:] du: nu:d ku:l nu:n [ju:] dju: mju:t kju:t nju:z [ ts] lets gets beits [ dz] si:dz ædz meidz [ z ] si:z æz meiz [ ə:] nə:s bə:d dʒə:m [ əʊ] nəʊz bəʊt dʒəʊk [ ʌ ] hʌt nʌt lʌk dʌg [ ɔ ] hɔt nɔt lɔk dɔg [ ʌ ] kʌt hʌt lʌk mʌtʃ [ ɑ:] kɑ:t hɑ:t lɑ:k mɑ:tʃ [ n ] sin θin ræn dʌn [ ŋ ] siŋ θiŋ ræŋ dʌŋ [ ʃ ] ʃuk ʃip ʃʌt ʃæl [ ʃ ] puʃ fiʃ rʌʃ læʃ [ ʃ ] ʃi: ʃeim meʃ læʃ [ s ] si: seim mes læs [ θ] θik θæŋk bəʊθ

[ ð ] ðis ðæt beið [ θ] θi:m θiŋk pa:θ [ s ] si:m siŋk pa:s [ ð ] ðen wið beið [ z ] zed hiz beiz [ ɔ:] kɔ:l pɔ:k ʃɔ:t lɔ:d [ ɔ ] kɔk pɔt ʃɔp lɔk [ aʊ] kaʊ laʊd ʃaʊt maʊθ [ əʊ] kəʊt ləʊd ʃəʊd məʊst [ s ] les ges beis

ə:] ʃə:t hə:t bə:n ʌ ] ʃʌt hʌt bʌn ɔ:] ʃɔ:t lɔ:n tɔ:n ə:] ʃə:t lə:n tə:n ʃet len ten ʊə] pʊə ʃʊə tʊə ʊə] ’paʊə ’ʃaʊə ’taʊə ə:s vain vəʊt ə:k wai wəʊk ɔt weit wud

ɔt reit rum ŋk əʊz əʊk

] klæʃ kla:s klaim kli:n ] glæd gla:s glaid gli:m əʊ in græm gri:n grəʊ 3

[ [ [ [ [ e ] [ [a[ v ] vi: v[ w ] wi: w[ w ] wi:d w[kl-[gl-[ kr] krein kræb kri:m kr[ gr] gre[ r ] ri:d r[ pl] pli:z pleis plæt plæn[ bl] bli:d bleiz blæk blæ[pr] praid prik pres pr[br] braid brik bred br[ ɔ:] kɔ:l nɔ:t rɔ:t fɔ:m [ əʊ] kəʊl nəʊt rəʊt fəʊm [ ei] meit beid leit peid [ e ] met bed let pet [ əʊ] həʊm səʊp tʃəʊz ʃəʊz [ u:] hu:m su:p tʃu:z ʃu:z [ æ ] kæt fæt læd bæd [ ai] kait fait laid baid [ v ] vet vain vein vest [ w ] wet wain wein west [ s ] sik si:m sɔ:t siŋ [ θ] θik θi:m θɔ:t θiŋ [ ð ] ðei ðen ðəʊz ðeə [ d ] dei den dəʊz deə [ ʃ ] ʃi: ʃip ʃel ʃeim [ s ] si: sip sel seim [ ts] lets reits hə:ts kɔ:ts [ s ] les reis hə:s kɔ:s [ dz] reidz bʌdz kɔ:dz pli:dz [ z ] reid bʌz kɔ:z pli:z [ n ] ni:d neim nəʊt nais [ ǀ ] li:d leim ləʊt lais [ r ] ri:d reim rəʊt rais [ n ] pin sin bæn ræn [ ŋ ] piŋ siŋ bæŋ ræŋ

[ŋk] piŋk siŋk bæŋk ræŋk [tʃ]tʃi:p tʃu:z tʃein eitʃ [dʒ]dʒi:p dʒu:s dʒein eidʒ [tr] tri: trai tru: tril [dr] dri:m drai dru: dril [θr] θri: θraiv θru: θril [ t]pa:t sit də:t pit [ti]pa:ti siti də:ti piti

第二讲：名词

1. 名词：表示人、生物、事物、地方以及抽象概念名称的字。 This is my house. 这是我的房子。

There is a big tree in front of my house. 我的房前有棵大树。

This is my dog. 这是我的狗。

Tom brought it back from Paris. 汤姆从巴黎带回来的。

house(表示事物名称), tree(表示生物名称), dog(表示生物名称), Tom(表示人名), Paris(表示地方名)

2. 名词表示抽象概念名称。

time, friendship, happiness, love, knowledge...

This is my whole family. 这是我的家庭所有成员。

We have two bedrooms. 我们家有两间卧室。

What would you like, milk or water?

想喝点什么，牛奶还是水？

3. 名词还分为可数名词，不可数名词，集合名词„

family(集合名词), bedrooms(可数名词), 集合名词 1. 一群相似也相关的个体结合而成的集合体的名称称为集合名词。如：family(家庭), class(班级), police(), cattle(牛), milk(不可数名词), water(不可数名词) 普通名词名词按不同的角度可分为多种类别，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词分为普通名词和集合名词；不可数名词分为物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。 1. 可数名词是可以计数而有单复数之分的名词，前面可加数词或冠词。如：boy(男孩), book(书), class(班级), family(家庭)等。

I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。 These are two books. 这是两本书。

可数名词包括普通名词和集合名词。

2. 普通名词是表示同类的人、生物、事物、

地方等所共有的名称的字，如：boy(男孩), office(办公室), idea(主意), book(书), mile(英里)等。 (1) 普通名词被代名形容词或所有格修饰

时，不再加冠词，如： (正)this (my, our, every, each, John's) book

这本书

(误)this (my, our, every, each, John's) the book

这本书

(2) 复数普通名词可用many, few, a few, a lot of等表示数目的字或片语修饰，而不用much, little等表示量的字或片语修饰。 (误)I have much books to read. 我有很多书要读。

(正)I have many books to read. 我有很多书要读。

clothing(衣服), jewelry(珠宝)等。 2.集合名词指整体时被看作单数返回名词<< ；集合名词指整体的构成分子时被看作复数名词。 The class has elected its leader. 这个班选出了它的班长。

The class are interested in his lecture. 班上学生对他的讲座都很感兴趣。 3. a/the/this/that+集合名词+of，这是将若干相同的个体合在一起的表达方式，也可将集合名词变成复数。

Don＇t believe a word he is saying; it＇s all a pack of lies.

他说的话一点也别信，那全是一派胡言。

a pack of cigarettes 一包香烟

a bundle of sticks 一捆棍子

a flock of birds 一群鸟

a pile of newspapers/books 一堆报纸(书) a gang of robbers 一群强盗

a herd of cows 一群乳牛

4.如果所采取的行动是“一致的”，则是指团体，属于单数，作主词时用单数动词。若是各做各的动作或各有各的主意等类似的情节，则指组成分子，属于复数，作主词时用复数动词。

My family has agreed to take a trip during the holiday.

我们家一致同意假期外出旅游。 My family are not in agreement on where to go.

对于去哪里我们家人持不同意见。

物质名词 1. 物质名词是材料、食品、饮料以及固体、

应该这样说：

We want two pieces of bread. 我们想要两块面包。

three boxes of milk 三盒牛奶

返回<<

one bag of sugar 液体和气体的物质名称。

Do you have bread? 你们有面包吗？

Do you have milk? 你们有牛奶吗？

Do you have sugar? 你们有食糖吗？

Do you have cooking oil? 你这儿有食用油吗？

Do you have cloth? 你这儿有布料吗？

以上的句子中的bread, milk, sugar, oil, cloth都是物质名词。

2. 物质名词一般没有复数形式；表示物质名词的数量时，前面需加表示计量的名词。

We want two breads.  我们想要两个面包。

We want three milks.  我们想要三个牛奶。

We want a sugar.  我们想要一个食糖。

We also want two oils.  我们还想要两个食用油。

Mom, can we have three cloths, too?  妈妈，我们还可以再来三个布料吗？

一袋食糖

two barrels of cooking oil 两桶食用油

three pieces of cloth. 三块布料

抽象名词不可数名词是因不能数而无单复数之分的名词，一般可用no, any, some, a little, much

等修饰，如food(食物)，news(新闻)，fruit(水果)，bread(面包)，hunger(饥饿)，truth()等。

There is some food on the table. 桌上有一些食物。 There is much news

the

newspaper.

报纸上有大量新闻。

You can eat any fruit on the table. 你可以吃桌上的任何水果。 A little bread is left in the basket. 筐里剩下一点面包。 They feel no hunger now. 他们不感到饿了。

不可数名词包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。

抽象名词是动作、性质、概念、状态等的名称，如：washing(洗衣)，kindness(仁慈)，time(时间)，friendship(友谊)，hope(希望)等。

Mother is doing some washing.

妈妈正在洗衣服。表动作：washing 洗衣

Mother is much moved by his kindness.

妈妈被他的仁慈深深打动。表性质：kindness 仁慈 It＇s time to go to bed, boy! 孩子，睡觉的时间到了！表概念：time 时间 Our friendship is everlasting. 我们的友谊地久天长。表概念：friendship 友谊

1. 抽象名词一般无复数形式，不加冠词，只有特指时加the。

The friendship between us is long and lasting.

我们的友谊地久天长。 friendship是特指的。

2. 有些抽象名词可与of连用，起形容词的作用。

Your gift is of great value. 你礼物的价值很大。相当于It is very valuable。

专有名词 1. 专有名词是指人、地方、称谓、机构、语言、国民、周日、月份、节日等的专有名称，第一个字母要大写，一般无复数形式，前面一般不加冠词。

December 25 is Christmas Day. 十二月二十五日是圣诞节。

My name is Peter and I am a Chinese. 我叫彼得，我是中国人。

I graduated from Harvard University and I work in a company on Wall Street. 我毕业于哈佛大学，在华尔街一家公司供职。

Can you speak English? 你会讲英语吗？

2. 有些专有名词，或在某种情形时的专有名词依然要有冠词。比如Chinese, English等国语名称之后有language时，前面用定冠词the。比较下面两句 Can you speak Chinese? 你会讲中文吗？

No. The Chinese language is hard to learn.

不会。中国话很难学。

3. 不定冠词a/an放在姓名之前表示与某名人类似的人。

I wish to become an Einstein.

我希望成为像爱因斯坦那样的人。 4. 专有名词用作单数普通名词。

Peter is very clever; perhaps he will be another Einstein. 彼得非常聪明，他将来可能成为另一位爱因斯坦。

5. 有些专有名词可用作复数普通名词，字尾要加-s或-es。

I always get up late on Saturdays. 星期六我总是起床晚。

复数规则变化_1 返回<<名词复数规则变化（一） 1. 名词复数的规则变化是在单数名词后加

s。

2. 以子音字母加 y 结尾的，改 y 为 i，再加 es；

但当 y 前面是母音时，y 不变，直接加 s。

1. I haven't seen my city friends for several months.

我已有几个月没见到我的城市里的朋友们了。

名词复数的规则变化是在单数名词后加 s。

2. I'll take them some fruits and vegetables.

我要带些水果和蔬菜给他们。

名词复数的规则变化是在单数名词后加 11. They are Germans. They are very nice guys.

s。

3. I'm a little piggy. I'm from a big city. 我是只小猪，我是城市里的住户。

4. We are both little piggies, we are from big cities.

我们两个是小猪，我们都是城市里的住户。

以子音字母加 y 结尾的，改 y 为 i，再加 es。

5. Hi, babies, how are you doing? 你们好，夥计们，最近怎么样？

以子音字母加 y 结尾的，改 y 为 i，再加 es。

6. I haven't seen you for ages. 我好长时间没见到你了。

名词复数的规则变化是在单数名词后加 s。

7. Ha, apples! I like apples. 哈，苹果！我喜欢苹果。

名词复数的规则变化是在单数名词后加 s。

8. Hey, cabbages! I like cabbages. 嘿，大白菜！我喜欢大白菜。

名词复数的规则变化是在单数名词后加 s。

9. I like parties. Lots of fun. 我喜欢派对。很有意思。

以子音字母加 y 结尾的，改 y 为 i，再加 es。

10. I haven't seen them for many days. 我好久没见到他们了。

但当 y 前面是母音时，y 不变，直接加 s。

他们是德国人。他们人都不错。但当 y 前面是母音时，y 不变，直接加 s。

12. But I like girls better. 但我更喜欢女孩子们。

名词复数的规则变化是在单数名词后加 s。

复数规则变化_2 --- 以O结尾的名词的复数

1. 以子音字母加 o 结尾的，一般加 es。如：heroes, tomatoes, potatoes。 2. 母音字母加 o 结尾的，只加 s。如：bamboos, radios等。 3. 某些外来语和简略语只加 s。

如：pianos, photos, Eskimos等。 1. Mom, what do we have for dinner? 妈妈，我们晚餐吃什么？

2. What do you like? What about potatoes? 你想吃什么？土豆怎么样？

以子音字母加 o 结尾的，一般加 es。

3. What about tomatoes? 番茄怎么样？

以子音字母加 o 结尾的，一般加 es。

4. I haven't had bamboos for quite a long time.

我好久没吃到竹子了。

母音字母加 o 结尾的，只加 s。

5. Mom, do you like to see some photos? 妈妈，想看些照片吗？

一些外来语和简略语只加 s。photo为photograph的缩写。

6. This is one of the zoos I have visited. 这是我访问过的一个动物园。母音字母加 o 结尾的，只加 s。

7. What were you doing there?

你们在干什么呢？

8. My friend and I were playing pianos. 我和我的朋友在弹钢琴。

某些外来语和简略语只加 s。piano是外来字。

9. We were treated like heroes wherever we went.

不管我们走到哪里都受到英雄般的对待。

以子音字母加 o 结尾的，一般加 es。

10. They are called kangaroos. 它们叫袋鼠。

母音字母加 o 结尾的，只加 s。

11. They are Eskimos. 它们是爱斯基摩人。

一些以 o 结尾的种族名词，如Eskimo(爱斯基摩人)，Filipino(菲律宾人)等变成复数时，后面加 s，即Eskimos, Filipinos。

12. Mom, it's me, can't you see?

妈妈，那是我，你看不出来吗？

名词复数规则变化（三）

以 s 结尾的，加 es。bus→buses。

2. Let's sit on one of these benches. 咱们坐在凳子上吧。

一般以 ch 结尾的，加 es。bench→benches。

3. I'd rather sit on one of these boxes. 我宁愿坐在箱子上。

以 x 结尾的，加 es。box→boxes

4. Why don't we use our knives?

我们为什么不用我们的刀子呢？一般以 f 或 fe 结尾的，变 f 或 fe 为 ves。knife→knives。

5. Oh, my glasses fell off. 啊，我的眼镜掉了。

以 ss 结尾的，加 es。glass→glasses。

6. The leaves are falling from the tree. 树叶从树上掉下来了。

一般以 f 或 fe 结尾的，变 f 或 fe 为 ves。leaf→leaves。

7. Our stomachs are empty. 我们都是饥肠辘辘。

以 ch 结尾的，一般加 es，但构成方式举例说明 stomach 除外。stomach→stomachs。

一般以 f 或 fe 结尾的，变 leaf→leaves knife→knives 8. I really miss those delicious dishes. f 或 fe 为 ves wife→wives 我真想念那些美食。 life→lives 以 sh 结尾的，加 es。dish→dishes。 leaf→leaves 9. Can you hear the buzzes?

以 s, ss, x, z, sh, ch 结尾的， glass→glasses 你能听到嗡嗡声吗？

加 es (但也有直接加 s buzz→buzzes 以 z 结尾的，加 es。buzz→buzzes。

dish→dishes 的) bench→benches 10. This will be the end of our lives.

bus→buses 我们今天末日来临了。

stomach→stomachs 一般以 f 或 fe 结尾的，变 f 或 fe

1. There are several buses going there. 为 ves。life→lives。有几班公车到那里。

11. Our wives will surely miss us.

我们的太太们肯定会想念我们的。一般以 f 或 fe 结尾的，变 f 或 fe 为 ves。wife→wives。

bacterium→bacteria

6. Ah, my teeth ache. 啊，我的牙痛。

名词变为复数时改变内部母音字母。复数不规则变化返回<<

不规则变化的复数名词有以下几种构成法。 tooth→teeth 构成方式举例说明 7. There are several men and women coming towards us. 构成法1: 改变内部母音字 foot→feet tooth→teeth 有几个男人和女人正向我们走来。母。名词变为复数时改变内部母音字母。man man→men →men; woman→women woman→women mouse→mice 8. There come two children. ox→oxen 构成法2: 加字尾en或ren。有两个孩子来了。 child→children 名词变复数时加字尾 en 或 ren。child→children sheep→sheep 构成法3: 单复数同形。 deer→deer 9. Ah, my both feet hurt. Chinese→Chinese 啊，我的两脚疼。名词变为复数时改变内部母音字母。构成法4: 有些外来语保留原 bacterium→bacteria(细菌) foot→feet 现来的复数形式。 phenomenon→phenomena(象) 1. We are happy mice, we are very nice. 我们是快乐的老鼠，我们都是好鼠。名词变为复数时改变内部母音字母。 mouse→mice 2. There are two sheep living in this house. 有两只羊住在这个房子里。

有些名词单复数同形。sheep→sheep

3. There are two deer living here. 这里住着两只鹿。

有些名词单复数同形。deer→deer

4. There are two oxen living here. 有两只牛住在这里。

名词变复数时加字尾 en 或 ren。 ox→oxen

5. There must be lots of bacteria in here. 这里一定有大量的细菌。

有些外来语保留原来的复数形式。

名词的所有格一. 名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系,有两种形式。

其一是由名词后加 's或 ' 构成，多用来表示有生命的人或物。

其二是由介系词of加名词构成,多用来表示无生命的东西(包括植物)。

二. 名词后加's的所有格的构成方法。方法1:单数名词后加's,单数名词以s结尾的后面加'或's。

方法2:复数名词以s作结尾的后加',不以s作结尾的后加's。

1. I have been away from home for quite a few days.

我已经离家多日了。

2. My wife's car is so small. 我太太的车太小了。

名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系,有两种形式。其一是由名词后加's构成,多用来表示有生命的人或动物。

3. What is the name of this street? 这是哪条街？

名词的所有格的另一种形式是由介系词of加名词构成,多用来表示无生命的东西(包括植物)。

4. Puppy Street? Hey, where are we heading for?

帕皮大街？嘿，我们去那里呀？

5. We are going to Puppy's in passing. 我们顺路去趟帕比商店。

名词后加's的形式用于house, shop, home, store等建筑物时名词一般被省略。本句中Puppy 's相当于Puppy 's store。

6. Oh, it is a nice store. There are women's clothes on sale there.

噢，它是个不错的商店。那里的女士服装正打折呢。

复数名词以s作结尾的后加'；不以s作结尾的后加's,如，the students' reading room(学生阅览室), women's clothes(女装)。

7. What is that building? 那个是什么楼？

8. Oh, that's Puppy and Barby's house. 噢，那是帕皮和芭比的房子。

两个以上名词共同的所有格表示共同所有；或两个以上名词各自的所有格连用表示各自所有时在名词后加's，如Puppy 's and Barby's houses。

9. You keep saying Puppy, Puppy? Who is he?

你总是说帕皮，帕皮，他是谁？

10. He is Thomas' brother, don't you remember?

他是汤姆斯的哥哥，你不记得了？单数名词后加's；单数名词以s结尾

的后面加 ' 或 's。

11. Oh, yeah. Puppy 's is really a big house.

噢，对。帕皮的房子可真大呀。若所有格修饰的名词与后面出现的名词重复,则可以将前者省略,此时第一个名词后加's。

12. He is really the fortune's favorite. 他真是幸运儿。

拟人化的非生物名词在表示所有关系时,用名词后加's来表示。

13. I am really tired after two days' train ride.

坐了两天的火车我真是累了。在表示时间、距离、重量、价格、国家、团体或城市时,也用名词加's来表示所有关系。复数名词以s作结尾的后加 '。

14. Oh, what is the matter? 噢，怎么回事？

15. The wheel of the car fell off. 车的轮子掉了。

\"of+名词\"所有格用于无生命的东西。

16. Don't worry. This is not my car; it is Puppy 's.

别担心。这不是我的车，是帕比的。名词在上文中已出现,被名词的所有格修饰的名词常省略,名词的所有格为”名词+'s”。双重所有格 1.双重所有格是由非生物的所有格(即of+名词)与生物的所有格(如mother's, Tom's等)共同构成的。

2.双重所有格的形式可为名词+of+名词的所有格,其中of后面的生物的所有格之后的名词被省略;也可为名词+of+所有代名词。

Tom, Mike, and John are all children of Aunt Lucy's.

汤姆,迈克和约翰都是露西阿姨的孩子。在生物所有格Aunt Lucy's后省略名词children,

生物所有格所代表孩子的数量超过句中提到过的三人。

Tom, Mike, and Mary were classmates of 肯也是我的一个表兄。

双重所有格可以由数量词one +名词+of+所有代名词构成。

He is six foot tall and the tallest one of my cousins＇.

他六英尺高，是我的表兄弟中最高的一个。双重所有格可以由不定形容词 tallest +名词+of+名词的所有格构成。 Stephen's.

汤姆,迈克和玛丽是史迪文的同学。在生物的所有格Stephen's之后,省略了名词classmates, 生物的所有格所代表的同学的数量超过此文提到过的三人。 They are all cousins of mine. 他们都是我的表兄弟。

of后的所有代名词mine=所有形容词my+名词cousins,

mine所代表表兄的数量超过句中提到过的三人。

Mr. Green and Mr. Brown are neighbors of mine.

格林先生和布朗先生是我的邻居。 of之后的所有代名词=所有形容词my+名词neighbors,它所代表的邻居的数量超过此文提到过的两人。

3.双重所有格多由a, an, this, that, these, those, any, some, each, every, many, more, most, either, neither, no, much, another, several, enough, such, one, two等冠词、指示形容词、不定形容词、数量词或疑问形容词which+名词+of+名词的所有格或所有代名词构成。

But you＇re still the shorter one of my friends＇.

但你仍然是我朋友中较矮的一个。双重所有格可以由不定形容词 shorter +名词+of+名词所有格构成。 Ken is also one cousin of mine.

I hope he can be a friend of mine. 我希望他能成为我的一个朋友。

双重所有格可以由冠词a +名词+of+所有代名词构成。

He is a teacher of my sister's. 他是我妹妹的一位老师。

A friend of hers has gone to London. 她的一位朋友去了伦敦。 This tool of his is useful. 他的这个工具很有用。 It's no business of yours. 这不关你的事。

That great idea of David's brought us a lot of trouble.

戴维的那个好主意给我们带来了很多麻烦。 Which novel of Dicken's are you reading? 你在读狄更斯的哪一本小说?

4.如果双重所有格中of前面的名词是portrait, picture, printing, statue, photograph等时,是指有关的人所收藏的肖像或照片等,而不是他本人的肖像或照片。 Are there any photos of Ken in the photos of yours?

在你的照片中有肯的照片吗？

any photos of Ken指照片中拍的是肯本人。 the photos of yours指你所收藏的照片。 This is a portrait of Mr. White's. 这是怀特先生的一幅画像。

本句指怀特先生所收藏的一幅画像。 This is a portrait of Mr. White. 这是怀特先生的一幅画像。本句指画中画的是怀特先生。

使用所有格所有格表示所有以及所有者

I want to talk John＇s problem with you. 我想和你谈谈约翰的问题。所有格可以用来表示同位关系。 I work in the city of Tokyo. 我在东京工作。

所有格表示起源,作者或发明者。 This is Shakespeare's manuscript. 这是莎士比亚的手稿。所有格可表示特徵。

I was shocked at his ignorance. 我对他的无知感到震惊。

所有格后接名词或动名词相当于主词与述语动词的关系。

I am totally sure of my son＇s honesty. 我可以完全保证我儿子的诚实。所有格可表示经常使用的物体。 He really didn＇t know it is the ticket-taker＇s seat.

他实在不知道那是检票员的座位。

第三讲：冠词

冠词

一，概述

冠词是一种虚词，一种辅助性的词，不可在句中担当一个成分，要放在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义。

冠词有不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两种。

1．定冠词the，在以辅音音素开头的词前读作[TE]，在以元音音素开头的词前读作[Ti]，强调时读作[ Ti:]。

例：the table [TE 5teibl]那张桌子 the animal [Ti 5AnimEl]那只动物

2．定冠词the，基本含义是“这个，那个”，

表示特指。

例: the flower 那朵花 the E-mail 那个电子邮件

3．不定冠词a和an，基本含义是“一、一

个”，表示泛指。返回<<

例：a flower 一朵花 an E-mail 一个电子邮件

二，a 和an 的区别

a用在辅音音素前，包括以前元音[j]、[w]开首的词前，读作[E]，强调时读作[ei]。注意，这里讲的辅音音素指的是发音，不是指辅音字母。

an用在元音音素前（不是元音字母），读作[En]，强调时读作[An]。例：a hotel [hEu5tel]一家旅馆 a knife [naif] 一把小刀

a useful tool [5ju:sful] 一件有用的工具

a university [7ju:ni5vE:siti] 一所大学

a European country [7juErE5pi(:)En] 一个欧洲国家

a one-eyed man ['wQn5aid] 一个一目失明的人

an hour [5auE] 一小时 an ant [Ant] 一只蚂蚁 an honour [5CnE] 一种荣誉

an honest boy [5Cnist] 一个诚实的男孩

an umbrella [Qm5brelE] 一把伞 an onion [5QnjEn] 一个洋葱

an eye [ai] 一只眼睛 an ear [iE] 一只耳朵

an English book [5iN^liF] 一本英语

书

an egg [e^] 一只鸡蛋 an apple [5Apl] 一个苹果 an island [5ailEnd] 一座岛 an uncle [5QNkl] 一位叔叔 an old man [Euld] 一位老人 an elephant [5elifEnt] 一头大象

three. （正）

我只需要一美元，但他给了我两美元。 I only want a dollar, but he has given me two. （误）

I only want one dollar, but he has given me two. （正）

2 表示一类人或物，指同类中的任何一个，a D [di:] 一个D (B、C、G、J、K、P、Q、T、U、V、W、Y、Z前也用a) an F [ef] 一个F（A、E、H、I、L、M、N、O、R、S、X前也用an）三，不定冠词的用法

1 表示“一，一个”，用在单数可数名词前

例：There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有一幅图画。

He has an apple in his hand. 他手里拿着一个苹果。提示

a. a (an) 虽表示“一个”，但不强调数量，而是强调类别；one则强调数量。例：I bought a computer. 我买了一台电脑。（不是收音机和电视机）

I bought one computer. 我买了一台电脑。（不是两台）

Would you like an ice cream? 来一客冰淇淋好吗？（不是别的食物）

She gave one ice cream to them each. 她给他们每人一客冰淇淋。（不是两客）

b. 表示数量对比时，要用one, 不用a(an)。

比：我有一支红铅笔，但是他有三支。 I have a red pencil, but she has three. （误）

I have one red pencil, but she has

a或an不必翻译

例 Even a child can answer this question. 就是小孩子也能回答这个问题。 An elephant is stronger than a horse. 大象比马力气大。

A teacher must be strict with his students. 教师必须对学生严格要求。 3 第一次提到某人或某物

第一次提到某人或某物时，用不定冠词a或an，起介绍作用。

例: A girl wants to see you. 一位姑娘要见你。

On a cold evening a stranger came to my house. 在一个寒冷的晚上，一个陌生人来到我的住处。 4 表示身份、职业

不定冠词用于单数名词前表示身份、职业，尤其用在作表语或补足语的名词前。例：She is a high school teacher. Her name is Li Fang. 她是一位中学教师，名叫李芳。

The Whites wanted their daughter to be a musician. 怀特夫妇想要他们的女儿成为音乐家。提示

表示某个职位在某一时期内只有一人担任，或表示某人的头衔，则不用冠词。例：He is captain of the team. 他是球队队长。

Zhang Fei, monitor of their class, is good at English. 张飞是他们的班长，英语很棒。

5 用于专有名词前，表示不认识某人例：A Zhang called you just now. 一位姓张的刚才给你打电话。

A Mr. Smith wanted to see you. 有位史密斯先生想要见你。

6 不定冠词用在表示数量、长度、时间等的计数单位的名词前，表示“每一” 例：We have three meals a day. 我们每天吃三顿饭。

They met each other once a month. 他们每月会面一次。

The car moved 100 miles an hour. 这辆小汽车以每小时100英里的速度行驶。 The envelopes are one yuan a dozen. 信封一打是一元钱。

Amily goes to see her grandmother twice a week. 爱米莉每周去看奶奶两次。 7 用于某些结构中不定冠词用在下列结构中： such a +单数可数名词结构：是相当难的一个问题。

It is a rather difficult problem. 8 用于某惯用短语中例：have a cold 患感冒 have a rest 休息一下 have a swim 游泳 have a fever 发烧 have a quarrel 吵架 have a toothache 牙痛 have a dance 跳舞 have a talk 谈话 go for a walk 散步 take a bath 洗澡 tell a lie 撒谎

wait a moment 等一会儿 with a light heart 愉快地 with a smile 微笑着 with an effort 努力地 as a result 因此 for a while 一会儿 once in a while 偶尔 for a moment 一会儿

have a word with sb. 同某人谈话 9 不定冠词与so, as, too, how等连用时的位置

如果修饰名词的形容词前有so, as, too, how等副词，不定冠词一般放在形容词和名词之前。 so 结构： as too how have a try 试一

have a good time

have a look 看

have a headache

have a good sleehave a nice trip

have(/take) a wamake a face 做

in a hurry 匆忙

do sb. a favour

take an active p

live a happy life

give a lesson

at a time 每次

as a whole 作为

all of a sudden in a word 总之

once upon a time

quite a +单数可数名词 rather a+单数可数名词

例：It is such a fine day. 多么晴朗的一天。

He is quite an honest man. 他是个非常诚实的人。

He is rather a gentleman. 他真是一位绅士。提示

名词前若有形容词修饰，不定冠词a (an)可以放在quite, rather前面或后面。例： It is rather a difficult problem. 这

+形容词+ a(an) +名词

例：He is as clever a boy as Tom. 他是像汤姆一样聪明的孩子。

It is so high a wall that we can't climb 15

it. 这堵墙非常高，我们爬不上去。 How beautiful a bird it is! 这是一只多漂亮的鸟啊！

It is too wide a rive for me to swim across. 这条河太宽，我游不过去。 It too difficult a book for beginners. 这本书对初学者来说太难了。

I've never seen so tall a tree. 我从没见过这么市制树。

=I've never seen such a tall tree. 提示

half 常放在不定冠词前，但在美国英语中，half也可放在不定冠词后。 a half apple half an hour 半个小时 a half hour 四，定冠词the 的用法

a(an)。

比：我有一支红铅笔，但是他有三支。 I have a red pencil, but she has three. （误）

I have one red pencil, but she has three. （正）

我只需要一美元，但他给了我两美元。 I only want a dollar, but he has given me two. （误）

I only want one dollar, but he has given me two. （正）

2 表示一类人或物，指同类中的任何一个，

a或 an不必翻译例： half an apple 半个苹果 half a day 半天

a half day 例 Even a child can answer this question. half a mile 半英里就是小孩子也能回答这个问题。a half mile An elephant is stronger than a horse.

大象比马力气大。

A teacher must be strict with his students. 教师必须对学生严格要求。 3 第一次提到某人或某物

第一次提到某人或某物时，用不定冠词a或an，起介绍作用。

例: A girl wants to see you. 一位姑娘要见你。

On a cold evening a stranger came to my house. 在一个寒冷的晚上，一个陌生人来到我的住处。

5 用在表示方向、方位的名词前这类词有： 1 表示“一，一个”，用在单数可数名词前

例：There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有一幅图画。

He has an apple in his hand. 他手里拿着一个苹果。提示

a. a (an) 虽表示“一个”，但不强调数量，而是强调类别；one则强调数量。例：I bought a computer. 我买了一台电脑。（不是收音机和电视机）

I bought one computer. 我买了一台电脑。（不是两台）

Would you like an ice cream? 来一客冰淇淋好吗？（不是别的食物）

She gave one ice cream to them each. 她给他们每人一客冰淇淋。（不是两客）

b. 表示数量对比时，要用one, 不用

the east东方，the west西方，the south南the north北方，the right右边，the left左边例：The birds are flying to the north. 这些鸟向北方飞去。

The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. 月亮从东方升起，在西方落下。 The wind was blowing from the south. 风从南方吹来。

She lived to the west of the Summer Palace. 她住在颐和园的西边。

Walk along the road and take the first turning on the right. 沿着这条路往前走，在第一个路口往右拐。

He stood at the back of the door. 他站在门背后。提示

方位词成对使用构成平行结构时，不用定冠词。

例：The river is two thousand kilometers long from west to east. 这条河自西向2000公里长。

They traveled through the country from south to north. 他们自南向北在这个国家旅行。

6 用在形容词最高级前

例：Summer is the hottest season of the year. 夏天是一年中最炎热的季节。 She is the best person for the job. 她是最适合这个工作的人。

Hangzhou is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. 杭州是世界上最美的城市之一。

The car is the most expensive of the four. 这部车是四部车中最贵的。 7 用在序数词等前

定冠词用在序数词前，也用在表示序列的next, last等前，还有在表示“同一”或“唯一”等的词前。

例：The first man to land on the moon is an American. 第一个登上月球的人是美国人。

She was the fifth to climb to the top of the mountain. 她是第五个到达山顶的人。

This may be the last chance. 这可能是

最后一次机会。

If I miss this train I'll catch the next one. 如果赶不上这趟火车，我就赶下一趟。 He is the only person who knows the secret. 他是唯一一个知道这个秘密的人。 The two coats are of the same colour. 这两件外衣颜色相同。

This is the very book I want. 这正是我要的书。（用very表示强调）提示

a 序数词表示“又一”时，前面用不定冠词a(an)

例：He bought a second pair of shoes. 他又买了一双鞋。

He asked a question, then a second, then a third„他问了一个问题，又问了第二个，第三个„„

b 序数词用作状语或表语时，前面不加定冠词。

例：George arrived first. 乔治第一个到。 =George was the first person to arrive.

Jim and Jack are both second in the match. 汤姆和杰克在比赛中并列第二。 8 用在单数名词前表示一类人或物，强调整个类别

例：The orange is a kind of fruit. 橘子是一种水果。

The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。

The computer is important to us. 电脑对我们来说是重要的。提示

不定冠词+单数名词，不带冠词的复数名词也可表示一类人或物。

例：A car runs faster than a bus. 小汽车比公交车跑得快。

Cars run faster than buses. A dog is a faithful animal. 狗是忠实的动物。

Dogs are faithful animals. 9 用在乐器名词前，表示演奏

例：She can play the piano. 她会弹钢琴。

He plays the violin very well. 他小提琴拉得很好。

He played the guitar for the children. 他给孩子们弹了吉他。提示

但乐器名词表示具体的器物，或表示课程时，不加the.

例：He bought a piano last month. 他上个月买了一架钢琴。

She taught piano in the school. 她在学校里教钢琴。

10 用在江河、海洋、湖泊、群岛、山脉的名称前

例：the Yangtze River 长江 the Red Sea 红海 the West Lake 西湖 the Pacific 太平洋提示例外的情况: Mount Tai 泰山

12 用在某些形容词前，表示一类人或物或某种抽象概念例： the old 老年人 the happy 幸福的人 the poor 穷人 the aged 老人 the sick 病人

the impossible 不可能的事

the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the blind 盲人 the smooth 顺事

the wounded 伤员

the beautiful 美，

The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。

The good is what people like. 人们总是喜欢美好的东西。

The wounded have been sent to the hospital. 伤员已经被送到医院去了。 13 用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人

例：The Greens will more to the country. 格林一家要搬到乡下去。

The Wangs came to see us yesterday.

the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山王家一家人昨天来看我们。

the Nile 尼罗河 The Browns are very friendly. 布朗夫the Rocky Mountains 落基山脉妇都很友好。

the South China Sea 南中国海 14 用在表示计算单位的名词前，含有

“每，每一”的意思

例：Jim is paid by the hour. 吉姆的工资

按小时付。China Daily 《中国日报》

Eggs are sold by the kilogram. 鸡蛋按千克出售。

This cloth is sold by the yard. 这种布按the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会码出售。 the Shanghai Railway Station 上海火车站 It sells at three dollars the pound. 它以the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国每磅三美元出售。 the North Pole 北极

They sell sugar by the pound. 他们按the People's Daily 《人民日报》磅卖糖。

15 用在前面已提到过的人的身体部位或衣着的名词前

11 用在由普通名词和另外一些词构成的专有名词前

例：the Great Wall 长城 the United Nations 联合国 the New York Times 《纽约时报》 the United States of America 美国 the Red Cross Hospital 红十字医院

这种用法是先把整个对象说出来，然后再说到那个对象的身体的局部或衣着。结构：洁了空气。

The fog was so thick that we couldn't see the top of the hill. 雾很大，我们动词(hit, pull, pat, strike, catch, hold, take) 看不见山顶。 +sb. +介词(in, on, by, across)+身体部位或衣着提示

a 这类名词前有形容词修饰时，可用不定冠词，表示“一场，一阵，一种”

例：A cold wind is blowing from the north. 冷风从北方吹来。

There was a heavy rain last night. 昨晚下了一场大雨。

A heavy snow is falling outside. 外面正下着大雪。

b 这类名词表示一般物质时，不用冠词。例：Rain falls in summer; snow falls in winter. 夏天下雨，冬天下雪。

Man can't live without air. 没有空气人不能活。

18 用在某些习惯用语中例：

in the morning 在上午 in the evening 在晚上 in the field 在田野里 in the country 在乡间 in the sun 在阳光下 in the distance 在远处 on the right 在右边 by the way 顺便说一下the rain 雨，the wind风, the fog雾，the snow雪,

例：She touched him on the shoulder. 她碰了碰他的肩。

He took the girl by the hand. 他拉着小女孩的手。

He hit her on the nose. 他打了她的鼻子。

The stone struck the man in the eye. 石头击中了那人的眼睛。

I caught her by the right hand. 我抓住她的右手。

比：她拍了拍那男孩的头。

She patted the boy on his head. （误，本结构中身体部位或衣着前不用one's） She patted the boy on the head. （正） 16 用在逢十的复数数词前，表示年代，也指人的大约岁数

例：The war broke out in the forties. 那场战争发生在40年代。

He went abroad in the 1980s. 他在20世纪80年代出国的。

The old man is in the seventies. 老约七十几岁。

17 用在表示自然现象的名词前 in the afternoon

in the night 在夜

in the sky 在空

in the dark 在暗

in the rain 在雨

in the shade 在阴

on the left 在

all the time 始终

in the middle of

in the front of 在前部这类名词有： the air空气, the storm风暴，the snowstorm 暴风雪 on the way home

in the daytime 白天 go to the concert 去听音乐会 at (/in) the beginning 开始 at the moment 当时，此刻 all the year round 一年到头 go to the cinema 去看电影 go to the theatre 去看戏 at the weekend 周末

all the same 依然

例：Don't stand in the rain. 不要站在雨中。

The wind blew down the trees. 风把树刮倒了。

The ship sank in the storm. 船在风暴中沉没了。

The rain has cleaned the air. 下雨净

on the whole 总

at the same time

on the plane 在

in the year 2008

the other day 前

at the bottom of

in the end 终于

on the one hand, on the other hand 一方面，另一方面提示

下面几个短语前不加定冠词：例：at dawn 在黎明 at night 在晚上五，名词前不用冠词的情况 1 专有名词前不用冠词

专有名词前不用定冠词，包括人名、地名、月份、周日、节日等。

January 一月

例：

月份

May 五月 October 十月 spring 春天

季节

summer 夏天 autumn 秋天 winter 冬天

Mary 玛丽

人名

Jones 琼斯 Mr. Brown 布朗先生

Porfessor Smith 史密斯教授 Asia 亚洲 China 中国 Britain 英国

地名

Beijing 北京 New York 纽约 Shanghai Road 上海路

特定的时间，要加定冠词。季节名词在上下文中表示特定的一段时间，要加定冠词。例：They built the bridge in the spring of 2003. 他们是在2003年的春天修建这

座桥的。at noon 在正午

at dusk The fire broke out on the Friday when 在黄昏

they were not at home. 失火是在星期五，当时他们不在家。

These animals eat nothing all through the winter. 这些动物整个冬天都不吃东西。 Monday 星期一

但要说the Spring Festival（春节），周日 b Friday 星期五

以festival组成的节日名称前要加the. Sunday 星期天例：the Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节 Christmas Day 圣诞节 the Dragon-boat Festival 端午节 New Year's Day 元旦物质名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词节日 2New Year's Eve 除夕例：Water boils at 100℃National Day 国庆节 . 水在摄氏100

度沸腾。 Teacher's Day 教师节

Rice is grown in the south. 南方种水稻。 They are short of food. 他们缺少食物。提示

a 如果物质名词表示特指或有定语修饰，则要加定冠词。

比：Snow is falling hard. 雪正下得很大。 The snow in the field has melted. 田里的雪已经融化了。

She likes milk very much. 她非常喜欢喝牛奶。

The milk in the bottle has gone sour. 瓶

里的牛奶酸了。

Tian An Men Square 天安门广场

b 物质名词用于表示“一客、一杯、一份、

Spring is coming. 春天就要到了。

一种、一阵”时，要用不定冠词。

These birds fly to the south in winter. 例：I'd like an ice cream. 我要一客冰

这些鸟冬天飞往南方。

淇淋。

She came on Friday. 她星期五来的。

A tea and two coffees, please. 请来一

提示

杯茶、两杯咖啡。

a 如果月份、季节名词带有修饰语，表示

There was a heavy rain this morning. b 表示某一次具体的餐食，要用定冠词。今天早上下了一场大雨。

3 抽象名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词例：Friendship is more important than 例：The lunch was cooked well. 那顿午饭做得很好。

Did you enjoy the dinner at his house? money. 友谊比金钱更重要。 Does he like music? 他喜欢音乐吗？ Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。提示

a 抽象名词有定语修饰，表示特指时，要加定冠词。

例：I like the music of the TV play. 我喜欢这部电视剧中的音乐。

b 抽象名词表示“一种，一类，一次，一番，一例”等概念时，要加不定冠词。例：Maths is a science. 数学是一门科学。

He lives a happy life. 他过得幸福的生活。

She has a good knowledge of English. 她精通英语。

Let's go for a swim. 我们去游泳吧。 He had a wash first. 他先洗了洗。 4 表示一日三餐的名词前不用冠词例：I usually have breakfast at seven. 我通常在七点钟吃早饭。

He doesn't have lunch at home. 他通常不在家吃午饭。

Dinner is ready. 饭准备好了。提示

a 三餐名词前有定语修饰时，特指某一餐，要用不定冠词。

例：We had a wonderful lunch. 我们吃了一顿很丰盛的午餐。

They had a nice dinner last night. 他们昨晚吃了一顿丰盛的饭。

他家的饭你喜欢吗？

c meal 常同不定冠词连用，泛指一顿饭。例：She cooks a hot meal in the evening. 晚上她总会烧一顿热饭。

He had a big meal at his uncle's. 他在叔叔家大吃了一顿。

5 表示体育运动、棋牌的名词前不用冠词例：He plays football after school. 他放学后踢足球。

The students are playing basketball over there. 学生们在那边打篮球。 He is good at playing chess. 他象棋下得好。

They play cards on Sundays. 他们常有星期天打牌。

6 表示学科、语言的名词前不用冠词例：She teaches English in a middle school. 她在一所中学教英语。 Chemistry is not easy to learn. 化学不容易学。

Can you speak Japanese? 你会说日语吗？

We have Chinese and mathematics in the morning. 我们上午学习语文和数学。 7 表示称呼语、职位、头衔的名词前不用冠词

例：Where are my shoes, mom? 我的鞋在哪里，妈妈？

Tom, go and fetch some water. 汤姆，去弄点水来。

Now children, listen to me carefully. 孩子们，请认真听我讲。

Mr. Xu teaches us maths. 徐老师教我们数学。

President Li will come to our class. 李校长将来我们班。

He was once mayor of the city. 他曾经是这个市的。

They made him monitor. 他们让他当班长。

John was captain of the team. 约翰是队长。

8 某些交通工具名称前不用冠词 by train 乘火车(=on a train) by ship 乘船(=on a ship) by taxi 乘出租车(= in a taxi) by plane 乘飞机(=on a plane)

He sat on the bed and watched TV. 他坐在床上看电视。

They are in church now. 他们正在做礼拜。

I passed the church on my way home. 我回家的路上经过那个教堂。

He was sent to prison for stealing. 他因偷窃而坐牢。

At the end of road you can see the prison. 在路的尽头，你能看见那所监狱。

The Wangs are at table. 王家一家人在by bus 乘公交车 (=on a bus) 吃饭。 by bike 骑自行车 (=on a bike)

Is this the table you bought yesterday? by car 乘小汽车(=in a car) 这就是你昨天买的那张桌子吗？ on foot 步行

I went to town to do some shopping yesterday. 我昨天进城购物。

He was born in the town fifteen years ago. 他15年前出生在那座小城里。

He is seriously ill and must be sent to hospital at once. 他病得很重，必须马上送医院。

He is going to the hospital to buy some medicine. 他打算去医院买些药。 go to college 上大学

go to the college 去那所大学（办事） go to (the) market to buy food 上市场买菜

on the market 出售提示

a. 在cinema, theatre 前常要用定冠词。例：She went to the cinema (/movies) once a week. 她每周看一次电影。 They went to the theatre last night. 他们昨晚去看戏了。

例：I go to school by bike. 我骑自行车上学。

Did you go by air? 你坐飞机去的吗？ They came by land. 他们由陆路来的。 The goods will be sent there by water. 货物将由水路运往那里。提示

表示邮寄方式的名词前也不用冠词。例：He sent the letter by air mail. 这封信他寄了航空。

9 go to school 和 go to the school 某些个体名词，如：school, church, hospital, bed, prison, table等，表示抽象意义或相关的活动时，不加冠词；而如果表示具体地点，则要加定冠词。

例：The children go to school at seven every morning. 孩子们每天早晨7点钟上学。

Father went to the school to see Mr. Chen. 父亲去学校看望陈老师。 I go to bed at about eleven. 我大约11点钟睡觉。

He prefers the cinema to the theatre. Tom's mother is a doctor. （正）他喜欢看电影，不喜欢看戏。

b. in front of 表示“在„„前面”，相当于before, 而in the front of 则表示“在某物内部的前部”。

例：The driver saw a boy standing in front of the bus. 司机看见一个男孩站在公共汽车的前面。

The drive sat in the front of the bus. 司机坐在公共汽车的前部。

10 表示一类人或物的复数名词前不用冠词

例：Birds are our friends. 鸟是我们的朋友。

We are fond of sports. 我们喜爱运动。

Teachers should be kind to their students. 教师应该对学生友善。 Boys are usually stronger than girls. 男孩子通常比女孩子力气大。提示

表示某一类人或物时，可用下面三种方法：狗是忠实的动物。

The dog is a faithful animal. （用定冠词）

A dog is a faithful animal. （用不定冠词）

Dogs are faithful animals. （用复数形式，不加定冠词） 11 不可说 a my book

名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词或名词所有格时，不可再加冠词。例：这是我的书。

This is a my book. （误） This is my book. （正）汤姆的母亲是一位医生。

The Tom's mother is a doctor. （误）

Which bus did you take? 你乘哪路公交车？

12 家庭成员名称前不用冠词

mother, father, uncle, aunt 等家庭成员，包括nurse（保姆），当作专有名词用时，不加冠词，但即使不在句首也要大写。例： Mother is watering the flowers. 妈妈在浇花。

Father has gone fishing. 父亲钓鱼去了。

Uncle bought a toy for me. 舅舅给我买了一个玩具。

Nurse is kissing Baby. 阿姨在亲吻宝宝。 13 两个平行、并列的名词前不用冠词例：arm in arm 臂挽臂 side by side 肩并肩 father and son 父子 one by one 一个接一个 brother and sister 兄妹 sun and moon 日月

from time to time 时时，不时 from east to west 从东到西 from beginning to end 自始至终 from morning till night 从早到晚 They are doctor and patient. 他们是医生和病人。

Father and son are playing chess. 父子两人在下棋。

They are walking down the road side by side. 他们肩并肩在路上走着。 Husband and wife are sitting in the room. 夫妻俩在房间里坐着。

14 a singer and dancer 和 a singer and a dancer

两个名词共用一个冠词，表示同一人或物；两个名词前各有冠词时，则表示两个人或

hand in h

face to f

mother an

day by d

husband a

day and n

step by s

from door

hour afte

物。

比： a black and white cat 一只花猫 a black (cat) and a white cat 一只黑猫和一只白猫

She is a singer and dancer. 她是歌唱家，同时也是舞蹈家。

They are a singer and a dancer. 他们是一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。

The teacher and writer has come. 那位教师兼作家已经来了。

The teacher and the writer have come. 那位教师和那位作家已经来了。

It is an English and Chinese dictionary. 这是一本英汉词典。

They are an English and a Chinese dictionary. 它们是一本英语词典和一本汉语词典。提示

比较下面几组短语的不同含义。 take place 发生，举行

take one's place 代替某人（的工作）

out of question 一定，毫无问题 out of the question 不可能，办不到 next week (month) 下周（下个月）（以现在看将来）

the next week (month) 第二周（下个月）（在过去某一时间之后）

The accident took place last night. 这场事故是昨天夜里发生的。

John is too ill to come, so I'm taking his place. 约翰生病了，来不了，所以我将代替他。

It is out of question that he will win the match. 他一定会赢得这场比赛的。 A holiday for me this year is out of the question. 我今天休假是不可能的了。

What on earth do you want? 你究竟要什么？

There are all kinds of living things on the earth. 地球上有各种各们的生物。 He will return next week. 他下周返回。 He returned on May 10th and flew to Beijing the next week. 他五月十号返回的，第二周又飞住北京去了。

There are forty students in the class and four of them are girls. 这个班上有40名学生，其中4名是女生。 Jim, Bob, Lucy and Linda lost their way in the forest and the four of them didn't eat anything for a whole day. 吉姆、鲍勃、露西和琳达在森林中迷了路，4个人一整天都没吃到东西。 15 某些习惯语中不用冠词例：go to school 上学

at home 在家

go to bed 上床

on time on earth 准时

究竟，到底（用于加强语气）in time 按时

at last on the earth 终于

在地球上 at first 起初

in fact 事实上

lose heart 灰

on holiday four of them 在度假

他们当中４人（不只４人）on foot 步行

on duty the four of them 值日

他们４人（共计４人）at work 在工作

at times 有时候

on show 在展

after class 课后

in trouble 处

at night 在夜间

on fire 着火

by bus 乘公交车

stay at home

by sea 乘船，走海路

by air 乘飞机

with pleasure 乐意地

by land 走陆

with anger 生气地

with joy 高兴

with kindness 亲切地

with difficult

第四讲：形容词和副词

形容词

形容词是描述人或物的性质、状态或特征的词。

Ⅰ形容词的分类：1. 简单形容词：kind 善良的 green 绿色的 bright 聪明的 broad 宽广的 interesting 有趣的注意：1）形容词具有独特的后缀形式

名词/动词＋ ful：careful 细心的 thankful 感激的名词/动词＋ less：homeless 无家可归的 careless 粗心的

名词＋ ly：friendly 友好的 lovely 可爱的

名词＋ ous：dangerous 危险的 poisonous 有毒的 2）以-ly 结尾的貌似副词的形容词

friendly 友好的 silly 愚蠢的，糊涂的 lovely 可爱的 lively 精力充沛的

elderly 年长的，过时的 deadly 致命的，死一般的 brotherly 兄弟般的 manly 有男子气概的 motherly 慈母般的 2. 复合形容词：复合形容词是由两个或两个以上的单词通过连字符的连

接而合成的起到形容词作用的词。

1) 数词＋名词

a ten-speed bicycle 十速自行车

1,000-metre race 1,000米赛跑 2）数词＋名词ed

a three-footed table= a three-legged table

三条腿的桌子

four-eyed fish 四眼鱼

3）数词＋名词＋形容词 a five-year-old boy 五岁的男孩

an 800-metre-long bridge 一座八百米长的桥 4）名词＋形容词

a world-famous expert 世界著名的专家 duty-free product 免税产品 5）名词＋现在分词

peace-loving people 热爱和平的人们

an English-speaking country 说英语的国家 6）名词＋过去分词

a man-made lake 一个人工湖

a snow-covered mountain 一座被雪覆盖的山 7）形容词＋名词 new-world 新的

the Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节 8）形容词＋现在分词

an easy-going classmate 易相处的同学

a long-standing friendship 长久的友谊

9）形容词＋过去分词

a new-found house 新近找到的房子 ready-made clothes 现成的衣服 10）形容词＋名词ed

an absent-minded child 一个心不在焉的孩子 a warm-hearted girl 一个热心肠的女孩 11）副词＋现在分词

far-reaching significance 深远的意义 a hard-working mother 勤劳的母亲 12）副词＋过去分词

a well-educated gentleman 受过良好教育的绅士 a newly-built library 一个刚建的图书馆

注意：当复合形容词中含有可数名词时，这个名词只能

用单数。

100-metre; thirty-year-old Ⅱ. 形容词的基本功能

1. 作主语：The poor stand up now. 穷人们站起来了。 2. 作宾语：Tom admired the rich. 汤姆羡慕有钱人。

3. 作定语：修饰名词，说明其性质、特征等。 This is an ugly painting. 这是一幅难看的画。

注意：1）只能作定语的形容词

main 主要的 elder 年长的 inner 内部的 golden 金色的 wooden 木制的 eastern 东方的 live 活的 little 小的

lone 孤独的 only 唯一的 real 真的 middle 中间的 2）多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序限定词（冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格）＋数

词＋描绘性形容词（表示观点、品质、状态等的词）＋表示特征的形容词（大小、长度、形状、新旧、年龄等）＋表示颜色的形容词表示类属的形容词（包括国籍）＋表示材料质地的形容词＋用途词＋所修饰的名词

There are a few big round new black French wooden tables in

the room.

在这个房间里有几张新的，大而圆的法国黑色木桌子。

I always remember the last few unforgettable sunny days on

the beach.

我将会一直记得在海滩上度过的令人难忘的最后的几个阳光明媚

的日子。

巧记：限定描绘大长高

形状年龄和新老颜色国籍出材料作用类别往后靠

4. 作表语：与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征。 The acting was marvelous. 演出精彩极了。 You don’t look very well. 你看上去不是很好。

注意：有些形容词作表语时，通常不可以用“人”作主语。常见的有：convenient/inconvenient possible/impossible

necessary/unnecessary probable/improbable

Come and see me whenever it is convenient to you. 你方便的时候，可以随时来看我。

5. 补足语：1）宾语补足语：在复合宾语结构中，形容词作宾补说明宾语的性质、状态或

特征。

The teacher kept us busy preparing our lessons. 老师让我们忙于准备功课。

2）主语补足语：在被动语态中，说明主语的性质、状态或特征。 The artist was born poor. 这位艺术家出身贫寒。

6. 作状语：形容词作状语表示伴随、原因、结果、让步等，一般不表示动作的方式。 They got home, cold and hungry. 他们回到家，饥寒交迫。

Unable to answer the question, he said nothing. 由于无法回答这个问题，他一言不发。 Ⅲ形容词的位置

1. 形容词作定语时一般位于被修饰的名词之前。

My father is a kind person. 我父亲是一个善良的人。

Nice and warm days are coming. 晴朗而温暖的日子就要来了。 2. 形容词后置的情况

1）一些表语形容词作定语时必须置于名词后。

表语形容词：alive, afraid, awake, alone, asleep, worth, aware, ashamed, alike… He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today. 他是当今世界上活着的最著名的科学家。 Money alone cannot create fortune. 钱本身不能创造财富。 2）当复合不定代词someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, nobody,

nothing, everyone, everybody, everything被形容词修饰时，形容词通常后置。 There is something wrong with my bike. 我的自行车出毛病了。

Attention, please! I’ve got something important to tell you all. 大家请注意！我有重要的事情要告诉你们大家。

3）“形容词＋介词＋名词”或其他短语作定语时要后置。 a bag full of rice 装满大米的袋子

a country famous for its scenery 一个以风景秀丽著称的国家 a job suitable for me 一项适合我的工作

4）两个意义相近或相反的形容词用both…and, and, or, but或so 连接在一起作定语时，形容词后置。

The students were required to see a film both interesting and instructive. 要求学生们看一部既有趣又有教育意义的电影。

The girl, wise and diligent, won first price in the international maths competition.

这个聪明勤奋的女孩在国际数学竞赛中获得了一等奖。

All the people on this island, young or old are fond of music. 这个岛上的人，不论年轻的，还是年老的，都喜欢音乐。 A man, poor but contented, is to be envied. 贫穷但知足的人该被羡慕。

5）形容词else常置于不定代词或疑问代词之后作定语。 Does anyone else know about it? 还有别的什么人知道这件事吗？ Who else wants to go with me? 还有谁想和我一起去？

6）当long, wide, high, deep, thick, away, old等词与数量词短语连用时，形容词要后置。

The street is 50 meters wide. 这条街五十米宽。

At that time he was only a boy ten years old. 那时他只是一个10岁的小男孩。注意：有些形容词既可以作前置定语，也可以作后置定语，但意义不同，常见的有：present（现在的/在场的），responsible（可依赖的/应负责任的），proper（适当的/正式的）， absent（心不在焉的/缺席的） the present members 现成的成员 the members present 在场的成员 the absent students 心不在焉的学生 the students absent 缺席的学生 Ⅳ形容词的级别

英语中的形容词常有三种形式来表达事物的等级差别，即原级、比较级和最高级。 1. 比较级和最高级的构成形式

规则变化：1)一般加-er, -est：high → higher → highest

2）以字母e结尾只加-r, -st：brave → braver → bravest

3) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写这一辅音字母后再加-er, -est：

big → bigger → biggest hot → hotter → hottest thin → thinner → thinnest

4) 以辅音字母+y 结尾的词，将y变i再加-er, -est：

busy → busier → busiest

ugly → uglier → ugliest early → earlier → earliest

5) 多音节词在其前面加more，most：

enthusiastic → more enthusiastic → most enthusiastic 6) 词尾以-er, -le和-ow结尾的形容词有两种构成方式：

clever → cleverer/more clever → cleverest/most clever gentle → gentler/more gentle → gentlest/most gentle narrow → narrower/more narrow → narrowest/most narrow

不规则变化：good好的，well身体健康的 → better → best bad差的，ill坏的 → worse → worst little少的 → less → least much，many多的 → more → most

far远的 → farther（只指距离）更远的 → farthest（只指距离）最远的 → further（指距离）更远的；→ furthest（指距离）最远的（指程度）更深入的；（指程度）最深入的 old 年老的；旧的 → older 较老的；长辈的 → oldest最老的、最旧的；

最年长的

→ elder长辈的 → eldest最年长的 2. 比较级的用法

1）同级比较级的用法

as ＋形容词原级＋ as

（副词）（连词） ↓ ↓

修饰形容词连接比较对象用于肯定句中，表示相比较的两者情况一样。 Mary’s spoken English is as good as mine. 玛丽的英语口语和我一样好。

She looks just as young as she was ten years ago. 她看上去和十年前一样年轻。注意：有些程度副词可以用在第一个as之前，比如almost, by no means, exactly, just,

nearly, not half, quite, twice, three(four, five…)times…

David is almost as tall as Tom. 大卫几乎和汤姆一样高。

My spoken English is not half so good as

yours.

我的英语口语还不如你的一半好。

Our military budge this year is twenty times

as large as that of 1980.

我们今年的军事预算是1980年的20倍。 not so/as ＋形容词原级＋ as

用于否定句中，表示在相比较的两者中前者不如后者。 It is not as/so warm as yesterday. 今天不如昨天暖和。

My handwriting is not as/so beautiful as yours. 我的书法不如你的漂亮。

如果第一个as/so后的形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词，冠词应置于形容词之后，

可数名词之前。

She has as sweet a voice as her mother. 她的声音像她妈妈的一样甜美。 Miss Green isn’t as/so strict a teacher as Mr. White.格林小姐不像怀特先

生那么严厉。

同级比较还可以用the same…as…，such…as…结构引导。 Linda isn’t the same height as Jenny. 琳达和珍妮不一样高。

This movie is such an interesting movie as that one. 这部电影和那部一样有趣。 2）比较级的用法

（1）比较级的单独运用

比较级有时可单独使用，其比较的对象暗含句中。 Are you feeling better today? 你今天感觉好点了吗？

Be more careful next time. 下次小心点。

（2）比较级＋ than

表示相比较的两者程度不同。

He made fewer mistakes than you (did). 他出的错比你少。

The plan turned out better than we had expected. 这个计划结果比我们预料的好。

注意：在比较级前面可以有一个表示程度的状语来修饰。

a great deal of, a lot, a little (bit), even, hardly, any, many, much, no,

rather, somewhat, three (four, five…)times, by far…

This book is a little more difficult than the other one. 这本书比那本书稍难一点。

He is fat, but his brother is still fatter. 他很胖，而他哥哥更胖。

Their country is a great deal richer than ours. 他们国家比我们国家富得多。（3） “比较级＋ and ＋比较级”

该结构表示事物本身的程度逐渐增加，意为“越来越……” My son is growing taller and taller. 我儿子长得越来越高了。

Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的国家变得越来越美了。

（4）“the ＋比较级…，the ＋比较级…”

用来表示二者程度平行增长，意为“越……（就）越……”。 The shorter your dialogue is, the better it is. 你的对话越短越好。

The more difficult the problem is, the more careful we should be. 问题越难，我们就应越小心。

（5）“not ＋比较级＋ than”与“no ＋比较级＋ than”

“not ＋比较级＋ than”前者不比后者更…… My French is not better than yours. 我的法语不比你的好。

“no ＋比较级＋ than”前者和后者一样不…… My French is no better than yours. 我的法语和你的一样差。

（6） “the ＋比较级＋ of the two ＋名词” 表示“两者中较……的那个”

The taller of the two boys is my brother. 两个男孩中比较高的那个是我哥哥。（7）其他形式的比较级

A. be senior to 比……年龄大（类似于be older than） I am five years senior to Jane. 我比简大五岁。

B. be junior to 比…年轻（类似于be younger than） Jane is five years junior to me. 简比我小五岁。

C. be superior to 比……好（类似于be better than） This computer is superior to the one you bought. 这台电脑比你买的那台好。

D. be inferior to 比……差（类似于be worse than） This photo is inferior to that one. 这张照片比那张差。

（8）含有比较级的习惯用语：once more 再一次 more than 超过；不仅仅；非常 more than once (= often)不止一次 one more 再来一个 no sooner…than （一……就） sooner or later 迟早 what’s more 而且 what’s worse 更糟糕的是 to make things worse 更糟糕的是 no more than 仅仅、只不过 no more 不再 no longer 不再

No sooner had he been invited to the palace ball than he told his wife the

news.

一被邀请参加宫廷舞会，他就把这个消息告诉了他的妻子。 To make things worse, he forgot to bring his textbooks. 更糟糕的是，他忘记带课本了。

注意：1）表示比较的两个对象必须属于同一类别，否则会引起歧义。

在比较级中，所列出的比较对象应该是平行的，不同类之间通常不具有可比性，为了简洁可以

用that代替前面的不可数名词或可数名词，用those代替可数名词复数。

The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai.

（出现了比较对象上的错误，本句比较的是两地的天气。）

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. 北京的天气比上海冷。

The students of Class 3 learn English better than those of Class 2. 三班同学的英语比二班同学的英语学得好。

2）当比较对象属于同一范围时，需使用other来排除自身，否则会造成与自身相比

较的矛盾。

China is larger than any country in Asia.

（出现了比较范围上的错误。any表示“任何一个”中国就是亚洲的一个国家，应

当排除在外。）

China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比任何其他亚洲的国家都大。

China is lager than any country in Africa. 中国比非洲的任何国家都大。

Jack is cleverer than any other student in his class. 杰克是他班里最聪明的。

没有比较等级的形容词：1）表示比较、特殊意义的词

comparative, relative, particular, special等。 2）表示绝对意义的词

absolute, entire, total, whole, complete等。 3）表示大小、极限、主观、上下等意义的词

extreme, major, minor, chief, senior, junior, favorite等。

4）表示性质特征的词

economic, scientific, wooden, earthen, golden, wrong等。

5）表示独一无二、形状、强调的词

only, single, round, level, square, very等。 3. 最高级的用法

1）最高级是表示在三者或三者以上中程度最高的比较方式。

“the ＋形容词最高级（＋名词）＋表示范围的短语或从句” This is the oldest theater in London. 这是伦敦最古老的剧院。

This piece of furniture is the least expensive. 这件家具是最便宜的。

注意：介词in和of 引导的短语说明比较的范围。如果在一定的地域空间内要用in

Chongqing is the biggest city in China. 重庆是中国最大的城市。在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of

Chongqing is the biggest city of all the cities in China. 重庆是中国所有城市中最大的。

最高级的修饰语：much, (by) far, nearly, almost以及序数词等。

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。

Of all the students, Jack is almost the best in maths.

在所有学生中，杰克的数学几乎是最好的。

2）比较级表示最高级含义的几种形式。

（1）比较级＋ than any other ＋单数名词

He works harder than any other student in his class. 他学习比班里其他任何学生都用功。

（2）比较级＋ than the other ＋复数名词

Susan is taller than the other girls in her class. 苏珊比班里其他所有女孩子都高。

（3）比较级＋ than ＋ any of the other + 复数名词

China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia. 中国是亚洲最大的国家。

（4）比较级＋ than ＋ anything/anyone else George did more work than anyone else. 乔治干的活比其他任何人都多。

Tom cared more for money than for anything else. 汤姆喜欢钱超过其他任何东西。（5）否定句中使用比较级

I have never read a better book than this. 我从未读过比这更好的书了。

Nobody loves money better than my neighbor. 没有比我邻居更喜欢钱的人了。

I think nothing is more pleasure than traveling. 我认为没有什么比旅行更令人愉快的。

3）最高级不表示“最……”的用法。

形容词最高级前如果没有定冠词the，就没有比较的意思，只是用来加强语气，有“很，非常”之意。

Betty is a kindest girl. 贝蒂是一个非常善良的姑娘。

This is a most interesting book. 这是一本非常有趣的书。

形容词最高级前有物主代词、名词所有格时不带the。 Jane is the old man’s eldest girl. 简是这位老人的大女儿。

两个或多个形容词最高级并列使用，从第二个起不带the。 Tom is the youngest and tallest boy in our class. 汤姆是我们班最小也是最高的男孩。

形容词最高级在句中作宾语补足语时常不带the。

We find listening hardest in our English study. 我们发现在英语学习中听力最难。 4）含有最高级的习惯短语

at best 充其量不过 at (the) latest 最迟不过

make the most of 尽量利用 make the best of （遭遇不幸、失败时）尽力而为

副词

副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 Ⅰ副词的分类

根据其意义和语法功能副词可分为以下几类

1. 时间副词

1）表示发生时间的副词

now 现在 then 那时 just now 刚才

later 之后 right then 就在那时 right away 立刻 Have you got anything on tonight? 你今晚有事吗？

I have heard from her recently. 我最近收到了她的来信。

2）表示频繁程度的副词

always 总是 constantly 频繁地 continually 持续不断地 ever 曾经 frequently 频繁地 never 从不

We do write to each other now and then, but not regularly. 我们确实偶尔写信，但不经常。

Mike rarely goes home on weekends. 迈克周末很少回家。 3）其他时间副词

already 已经 early 早，初期 finally 最后 late 晚，迟 first 首先 long 很长时间地 What decision did you finally come to? 你们最后做出了什么样的决定？ Nancy got up early. 南希很早就起床了。

2. 地点副词

表示地点和位置的副词称为地点副词。

abroad 在国外 ahead 在前面 away 在远处

back 在后面 down 在下边 downstairs 在楼下 downtown 在市区 eastward 向东 anywhere 任何地方 She is upstairs talking with my parents. 她正在楼上和我父母谈话。 I am sorry she isn’t in. 对不起，她不在。

Don’t stand outside. It’s too cold. 不要站在外面，太冷了。

3. 方式副词

描述事情或情况的进行、存在方式，情绪、动作发生的情况或其细节的副词称方式副词。（方式副词主要用来回答how的提问。）

angrily 生气地 anxiously 焦急地 badly 糟糕地 calmly 冷静地 carefully 仔细地 carelessly 粗心地 clearly 清晰地 closely 紧密地 dangerously 危险地

Can you please explain the rules clearly? 你能不能清楚地解释一下这些制度？

Please check your work carefully before you hand it in. 请仔细检查以后再上交作业。 4. 程度副词

用来描述动作、行为或状态程度的副词称为程度副词。 absolutely 完全地 almost 几乎 amazingly 令人惊异地 enormously 非常地 enough 充足地 entirely 完全地 extremely 极端地 fairly 相当 fully 完全地 This task is extremely difficult. 这项任务极其艰难。 You’re entirely wrong. 你完全错了。 5. 评论副词

用来对主句中陈述的观点进行评价的副词称为评论副词。（评论副词一般都是用来修饰句子的。）

luckily 幸运地 unluckily 不幸地 happily 高兴地

unhappily 不高兴地 generally 一般来说 fortunately 幸运地 unfortunately 不幸地 innocently 无辜地 honestly 诚实地 Honestly, I don’t know. 老实说，我不知道。

Surprisingly, she doesn’t know me. 奇怪，她不认识我。 6. 疑问副词

（疑问副词主要用来构成特殊疑问句）

where 在哪里 when 在什么时候 why 为什么

how 如何 whenever 究竟什么时候 wherever 究竟在哪里 Where will you go to spend your summer holiday? 你要去哪里过暑假？

When shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再见面？

Why were you absent from class yesterday? 你昨天为什么旷课？ 7. 连接副词

连接副词可分为两类：一类的意思及词形和疑问副词一样，但引导从句和不定式；另一类用来连接两个句子，表示上下文之间的关系。 therefore 因此（表结果） moreover 再者（表补充） besides 况且（表补充） however 不管怎样（表转折） otherwise 否则（表条件） then 然后（表时间）

though 但是（用于句尾，其前有逗号隔开）

The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it’s inaccurate. 整篇报告写得很糟，而且不准确。

I don’t know where Lucia works.（引导宾语从句）我不知道露西娅在哪里工作。

When she’ll arrive depends on the traffic.（引导主语从句）

她什么时候到得看交通状况。

8. 关系副词

关系副词主要用来引导定语从句。

where......的地方 when……的时候 why……的原因 That’s the point where I disagree. 那就是我不同意之处。

I’ll never forget the moment when we first met. 我永远不会忘了我们第一次相遇的时刻。

Can you tell me the reason why you are so happy? 能不能告诉我你这么高兴的原因？ 9. 其他副词

yes, no, certainly, surely, sure, really等 —Can you help me carry the box upstairs? 你能帮我把箱子搬上楼吗？ —Certainly. 当然可以。

Ⅱ副词的特征

不管在意义上还是形式上，副词都具有自己的特点。

1）在意义上，副词往往用以说明事件发生的时间、地点，行为的方式、程度，说话者

的观点、态度。副词在句子中起明显的修饰和强调作用。 2）在形式上，大部分副词都是在形容词词尾加-ly构成的。

形容词加-ly变副词的规律：

（1）许多副词都是在形容词后直接加后缀-ly构成的。

careful → carefully, quick → quickly safe → safely, slow → slowly

（2）以-le结尾的形容词需要去掉e再加y。

gentle → gently, possible → possibly, comfortable → comfortably

（3）以-y结尾的形容词把y变成i，再加-ly。

easy → easily, happy → happily, heavy → heavily busy → busily, lucky → luckily

（4） shy的副词形式为shyly。

注意：与形容词同形的副词

late (adj.) 已故的 high (adj.) 高的 (adv.) 迟、晚 (adv.) 高 firm (adj.) 稳固的 early (adj.) 早的 (adv.) 稳固地 (adv.) 早 fast (adj.) 快的 long (adj.) 长的 (adv.) 快 (adv.) 长时间地

enough (adj.) 足够的 low (adj.) 低的 (adv.) 足够 (adv.) 低意义有别的同根副词

有些同根副词意义差别很大：原形副词一般表示的是具体意义，以-ly结尾的副词

往往具有抽象意义，表示程度。

1) high 表示空间高度；highly 表示程度，意思是“高度地，非常”。

They can jump high enough. 他们可以跳得足够高。

They think highly of us. 他们对我们评价很高。

2) wide 常与形容词open, awake 连用，表示空间宽度，意为“宽地，宽阔地，完全地”；

其他场合常用widely，作“广泛的”解。 He opened his eyes wide. 他眼睛睁得大大地。

English is widely used. 英语被广泛使用。

3) deep 表示空间深度；deeply 表示感情深度，意思是“深深地”。

They worked deep into night. 他们一直工作到深夜。

We were deeply moved by his story. 我们被他的故事深深地感动了。

4) hard 意为“努力地；费力地”；hardly 意为“几乎不”

Study hard and you’ll make progress. 努力学习，你就会进步。

I can hardly recognize him. 我几乎认不出他。

5）close 意为“挨近；靠近”；closely 意为“认真地；仔细地” You’d better get close to him. 你最好靠近他。 Watch closely. 认真观察。

6） most 构成最高级或作副词用时，意为“很；最”；most 作“大多数”解时是代

词；mostly 是副词，意为“大部分，主要地”。 a most interesting film 一部非常有趣的电影 The audience consisted mostly of women. 观众主要是妇女。

7） late 意为“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”，相当于recently。

You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。

What have you been doing lately? 你最近在干什么？

Ⅲ副词的用法

1. 作状语：副词作状语可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句。

Advertisements appear everywhere in modern society. （修饰动词）现代社会里广告无处不在。

Many people are now still living a very poor life. （修饰形容词）现在很多人还过着非常贫穷的生活。

They will be here pretty soon. （修饰副词）他们很快就会到达。

Hopefully we’ll meet again on Thursday. （修饰整个句子）希望我们周四再见面。

2. 作表语：副词作表语主要指主语的方位、方向、动作、状态等。 The fire is on. 火正在燃烧。

I must be off now. 我现在必须得走了。

We’ll be home at ten tonight. 我们将在晚上十点到家。 3. 作定语：作定语的副词主要为表示时间或地点的副词如here, there, in, out, up, down,

below, above, upstairs, downstairs, indoors, outdoors, now, then等，这些副词作定语时应后置。

The air here is fresh. 这里的空气清新。

Write your name in the place below. 把你的名字写在下面的地方。

The pictures above were taken in Canada. 上面的这些照片是在加拿大拍摄的。

注意：1）有些副词可修饰名词，用以加强语气，相当于定语。常用的这类副词有quite,

rather,even。

We held quite a party last weekend. 上周末我们举行了一次相当不错的宴会。

Even a child won’t believe such a story you told. 就连孩子都不会相信你讲的这种故事。

2）有些副词可修饰部分不定代词和数词。常见的这类副词有almost, nearly,

roughly, mostly等。

Nearly anyone present at the meeting was an expert on bird flu. 参加这次会议的人几乎都是禽流感方面的专家。

I learned three foreign languages at college, but now I have forgotten

almost all of them.

我上大学时学过三门外语，可现在几乎全忘了。

4. 作补足语：副词作补足语主要说明宾语或主语所处的位置、状态等。 Did you see anybody upstairs? （作宾语补足语）你看到楼上有人吗？

The boy was kept indoors alone when his mother went to work.（作主语补足语）

妈妈去上班的时候，那个男孩被独自留在家里。 Ⅳ副词的位置

1. 时间副词和地点副词一般放在句末，有时也可放于句首。 Smoking is likely to damage your health permanently. 抽烟可能会对你的健康造成永远的伤害。

Yesterday they went to the airport to see their teacher off. 昨天他们去机场送他们老师了。

1）如果这两种副词同时出现在句中，则把地点副词放在时间副词前面。

I have gone nowhere recently, for I have a dozen irons in the fire. 我最近哪里都没去，因为我实在太忙了。 2）表示不确定的时间副词，如always, seldom, often, never, rarely等通常放在行为动词前，

情态动词、助动词或be动词之后。

We should always work hard at our lessons. 我们应该一直努力学习。

2. 程度副词：修饰形容词和副词时，应放在形容词和副词前面；

修饰动词时，常常放于第一个助动词后，实义动词前。 He acted rather strangely. 他行为举止相当古怪。

I greatly enjoy talking with you. 我很喜欢和你在一起谈话。

3. 方式副词：方式副词，一般放在动词（+定语）的后面，在表示特别强调时，偶尔也可

放在实义动词的前面，第一个助动词的后面。

He wrote carefully some letters to his teachers. 他认真给他的老师们写信。

The spokesman publicly declared that he didn’t know anything about the

matter before hand.

这位发言人公开宣布他事先毫不知情。

4. 频度副词：在句中的位置比较灵活，可以置于谓语动词前，也可以置于第一个助动词后，

还可以置于句首。

He always comes late. 他总是迟到。

I have seldom seen such large apples. 我很少见到这么大的苹果。

Usually we go to America in August. 通常我们在8月份到美国去。 5. 副词修饰名词时，一般放在该名词之后。

The young lady there is Mike’s sister. 那边年轻的女士是麦克的姐姐。

6. 副词修饰介词时，放在该介词前；副词修饰全句时，一般放在句首，也可放在句尾。

People read advertisements partly for information. 人们读广告，部分是为了获得信息。

Unfortunately, in some countries waste from factories is still poured straight into rivers.

不幸的是，在某些国家，工厂的废物仍直接被倒入江河。

7. 副词作状语可以修饰整个句子，常放在句首，也可以放在句尾，与句子的其他成分之间

通常用逗号隔开。

Luckily, he was not hurt in the accident. 幸运的是，他在这次事故中没有受伤。

The project will have been carried out by next month, hopefully. 这个工程有望在下周完成。

8. 有些副词像fortunately, luckily, surprisingly, honestly, actually, unfortunately等修饰整

个句子时，表示说话者的态度，或者是起着连接上下文的作用，常可以和句型It + be + adj. + that…进行转换。

Two middle-aged passengers fell into dead sea. Unfortunately, neither of them could swim.

两个中年乘客掉入死海。不幸的是，他们两人都不会游泳。 → It was unfortunate that neither of them could swim.

Surprisingly, no one in the classroom can work out the problem. 令人感到惊讶的是全班没有一个同学能解决这个问题。

→ It is surprising that no one in the classroom can work out the problem. Ⅴ副词的比较级和最高级 1. 构成形式

规则变化：fast → faster → fastest late → later → latest

early → earlier → earliest

quickly → more quickly → most quickly 不规则变化：well → better → best badly → worse → worst much → more → most

little → less → least

far → farther → farthest （指距离）较远，最远

further → furthest （指距离和抽象概念）较深远，最深远 2. 用法

比较级的用法：1）比较级的单独运用

Would you please speak more slowly? 请讲慢一点，好吗？

Can’t you live here a little longer? 不能在这里再多住点时间吗？ 2）比较级+than

这种句式可以表达一方超过另一方的情况，也可以表达一方不如另一方的情况。 ’s running less smoothly than it used to. 这辆汽车跑得没有过去平稳了。

约翰开车比我小心的多。）“no + 比较级+ than…”

“都不”，是对两者的共同否定，且侧重前者。 “not + 比较级+ than…”

“不比……更”，表示相比较的两者情况相当。

乔西汉语说得和她弟弟一样都不流畅。

The car John drove much more carefully than I. 3 Josie speaks Chinese no more fluently than her brother.

I run not faster than you. 我不比你跑得快。 4）比较级 + and + 比较级

这种句式用于表示自身情况的逐渐增长，意为“越来越……”。

The fire spread further and further with the wind blowing more and more strongly. 随着风越刮越大，大火蔓延得越来越远。

With time going on, we are getting on better and better with one another. 随着时间的流逝，我们之间相处的越来越好。 5）the + 比较级……the + 比较级……

这种句式用来表示一方的程度随着另一方的程度平行增长，意为“越……（就）越……”。 The harder you work, the better you’ll learn. 你越努力，学得越好。

The more you talk to the children, the less they will listen. 你对孩子们谈得越多，他们听进去的就越少。

最高级的用法：最高级主要用“the + 副词最高级（+表示范围的短语或从句）”结构表示。最高级前的定冠词the 可省略。 Tom runs (the) fastest in his class. 汤姆是班里跑得最快的一个。

Brandon jumps (the) highest but runs (the) most slowly of the three boys.

这三个男孩中，布兰登跳得最高，但跑得最慢。注意：副词比较级和最高级的修饰语

有时为了突出和强调比较级和最高级，往往在其前或其后加上修饰语，使比较更突出

和鲜明。

1. 比较级的修饰语：even 甚至，更 still 更 much 更 a little 有点 a lot 很 a bit 有点 a great deal 大大地 far 更 by far 大大地

Eleanor speaks Japanese a lot better than before. 埃莉诺日语说得比以前好多了。

Could you please speak a little more slowly so I can follow

you?

你能否说得稍慢一点，以便我能跟上你？

2. 最高级的修饰语：(by)far 大大地 much 很 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎 Sophia works the best by far in her factory. 索菲亚是她工厂中工作最出色的。

He runs almost the fastest in his class. 他几乎是全班跑得最快的。

enough 用法专题

1. enough 可以做名词、代词，意思是“足够、充分”。

作代词可以代替可数名词或不可数名词，在句中作主语或宾语。 Enough has been said on this subject. 关于这一问题的说明已经足够了。

At the end of six months he had learned enough (enough Russian) to read

articles and reports.

六个月以后，他就学到了足够的俄文，达到了能够阅读用俄文写的文章和报告的

程度。

No, thanks, I’ve had enough. (enough food) 不，谢谢，我已经吃饱了。 At that time the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded;

there was not enough (enough land) for the population.

那时候，长江沿岸的土地上人口越来越稠密，再也容纳不下那么多人了。

注意：当enough 后的名词前有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词或其本身就是代词

时，要用介词of。

We’ve had enough of your coldness. 我们已经受够了你的冷漠。 Did you buy enough of them? 这种原料你买够了吗？

2. enough 作形容词，意思是“足够的、充分的”，常与for或不定式连用，可以作定语或

表语。作定语置于被修饰的名词前后均可，前置时强调enough，后置时强调被修饰词。 I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one. 我希望每位客人都能够有一个杯子。 Enough is enough. 够了就是够了。

3. enough 作副词，意思是“十分地、充分地、足够地、充足地”，置于被修饰的形容词

或副词之后，常与不定式或介词for连用，在句子中作状语，表示程度。 You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. 你十分地勇敢地在会议上提出了反对的意见。

I’m sorry, none of you watched carefully enough. 很遗憾，你们当中谁都观察得不够仔细。

4. enough 作感叹词，意思是“够了！停止！住手！不要再继续了！”，用以表达不耐烦

或恼怒。

You’ve been practicing the violin all afternoon. Enough! 你整个下午都在练小提琴。够了！

5. 用在“主语 + cannot… + enough”句型中

该句型形式上是否定句型，实际上表达的是肯定意义，意思是“再……也不过分；越……越……”enough 用作副词。 I can’t thank you enough.

我对你感激不尽。（我怎么感谢你都不算过分。）

Ⅵ常用形容词辨析

1. common, ordinary, usual

common 表示“普通的，一般的，多见的”与rare“罕见的，珍稀的”相反。 Don’t tell me about that! It’s a common sense. 不要对我讲那个，那都是常识。

ordinary 表示“普通的，平常的，不特殊的”与special“特殊的”相反。

Yesterday he got up earlier than usual, for it was not an ordinary day for him.

昨天他比平时起得早，因为昨天对他来说是个不寻常的日子。

usual 表示“通常的，平常的”。一般指所熟悉的常用的东西或常发生的事件的性质。 He wasn’t his usual self. 他失去了常态。

2. alive, living, live, lively

alive 作表语或后置定语，表示“有生命的，活的”

Of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive. 这二人中前者已死，但后者仍活着。

living 作表语或定语，表示“活的，健在的，现行的。”

His grandmother is still living at the age of 97. 他奶奶已97岁，仍然健在。

live 作定语，一般指修饰鸟或其他动物，不修饰人，表示“活的，有生命的”；

还可表示“实况的，直播的”。如：a live show 现场直播 That is a live fish. 那是一条活鱼。

lively 作定语或表语，表示“活泼的，有生气的，生动的。”

She gave us a lively description about his life in Africa. 她生动地叙述了他在非洲生活的情况。 3. alone, lonely

alone 表示“单独，独自一个人”，不含感情色彩。

The old woman lives alone, but she doesn’t feel lonely. 这位老太太自己一个人住，但她并不感到孤独。

lonely 指人孤独，寂寞；也可指地方偏僻，荒无人烟，有浓重的感情色彩，可作表语或定语。 That night I went to bed feeling ashamed, lonely and discouraged. 那天夜里我去睡觉时，感到羞愧，寂寞和气馁。

Antarctica is the loneliest place on the earth. 南极是地球上最偏远的地区。 4. well, healthy

well 表示短期的或暂时的“身体好”。 I am not feeling very well. 我觉得身体不舒服。

healthy 表示较长时间的身体状态，意义为“健康的，身体好的。” They are healthy children. 他们是健康的孩子。 5. likely, probable, possible

likely 既可以说“It is likely + that 从句”，又可以说“sb. /sth. is likely to do sth. ” It is likely that he will be late. = He is likely to be late. 他可能会迟到。

probable 常用“It is probable + that 从句”句型；表示的可能性比possible 大“极有可能” It’s probable, not only possible. 这件事多半如此，不只是可能。

possible 常用“it is possible (for sb. ) to do sth. 或 “it is possible + that 从句”；表示的可能性不

大。

It’s possible for him to solve the problem. 他可能解决那个问题。

注意：probable和possible都不可用人作主语。likely的可能性位于其他两者中间。

Ⅶ常用副词辨析

1. just, just now, right now

just 刚刚，刚才（多用于完成时）

I’ve just had a talk with Tom. 我刚同汤姆谈过话。

just now (= a moment ago) 刚才（用于一般过去时） I had a talk with Tom just now. 刚才我同汤姆谈过话了。

right now (= right away) 就在现在（用于现在时或进行时） I’m having a talk with Tom right now. 我现在正在同汤姆谈话。

2. ago, before, since

ago 用于表示以现在为起点的“以前”。（常与一般过去时连用）

I saw him three days ago. 我3天前见过他。

before 用于以过去的某时刻为起点的“以前”。（常用于完成时态） I said I had seen him three days before. 我说我是3天前见到他的。

since 从那时起到现在。（只用于完成时） I haven’t seen him since then. 从那以后，我再没见到他。 3. sometime(s), some time(s)

sometime 某个时侯（用于过去时、将来时），表示过去或将来一个不确定的时间。 It happened sometime last month. 这件事发生在上个月的某个时候。

We’ll go shopping together sometime next week. 我们下周某个时候将会去购物。

sometimes 有时，时常（用于过去时、现在时或将来时） It happens sometimes. 这种事有时会发生的。

He sometimes dropped in on me for a game of chess. 他有时来找我下棋。 some time 一段时间，一些时候。

It took me some time to finish the work. 干完这项工作花去了我一些时间。 They came again after some time. 一段时间以后，他们又来了。 some times 几次，若干次。

It happened some (several) times this month. 这种事这个月发生了几次了。

He failed his driving test some times. 他好几次都没通过驾照考试。 4. fairly, rather, quite, pretty

fairly 作“很，非常，相当”讲时，只修饰褒义词；

它不可修饰比较级或too引起的短语。

The book is fairly easy for the children of ten. 这本书对十岁的孩子来说难易适中。（意即“适合读”）

rather 作“很，非常，相当”讲时修饰褒义或贬义词；还可修饰比较级或too引起的短语。

The book is rather easy for the book of ten.

这本书对十岁的孩子来说太容易了。（意即“不适合”） The question is rather too difficult for me. 这个问题对我来说太难了。

quite “很，完全”，多修饰褒义词和无等级之分的形容词。 The bottle is quite empty. 这瓶子完全空了。

pretty “很，非常”，多用于口语。 5. too, as well, also, either

too 和as well 主要用于肯定句，多用于口语，一般放在句尾，但有时根据修饰的需要，也可以灵活变

动位置。

If you would like to go, I will go, too. 如果你去，那我也去。

She can dance and she can sing as well. 她会跳舞，也会唱歌。

also 多用于书面语中，一般放在实义动词之前，助动词，情态动词或be动词之后，多用于肯定句中。 It would also create the conditions needed to reduce international trade restrictions. 这还会创造出减少国际贸易所需要的必要条件。 either 多用于否定句，常置于句尾。

She can’t speak Chinese and her husband can’t either. 她不会说汉语，她丈夫也不会。

6. almost, nearly

1) 两者意思相近，都有“几乎，差不多，将近”的意思。

almost 强调“差一点，缺一点”。 nearly 强调“接近”。

从程度上讲almost 相当于very nearly，实际应用中，两者经常通用。 Almost/Nearly all of my friends came to the party. 几乎我所有的朋友都来参加聚会了。

It almost/nearly frightened me to death. 差点儿把我吓死。

2）almost 可以与表示否定意义的词如no, no one, none, nobody, nothing, never,

nowhere 等词连用。 Almost no one believed him.

几乎没有人相信他。

当修饰any或由any构成的不定代词时，用almost。

You can find the meaning of almost any word in this dictionary. 从这本字典里你几乎能找到任何一个词的意思。 Almost anything will do. 几乎什么都行。

当与too连用时，用almost。 That’s almost too much. 那简直太过分了。

1） nearly 可被not 前置修饰，意为“一点也不，相差甚远”，但almost 不能这样使用。

I’m not nearly ready. 我一点儿都没准备好。

2） almost和nearly都可用于表示极端意义的形容词前，但却不能用于修饰不具有极端

意义的形容词。

That is an almost/a nearly perfect plan. 那几乎是完美之计。 7. already, yet, still

already 通常用于肯定句中，作“已经”讲，常与完成时连用，放在句中表示某事已经发生；

用于疑问句中表示惊讶之意。

We’ve already met before. 我们以前已经见过面。

Have you been to London already? 你去过伦敦？

yet 用于疑问句，作“已经”讲；用于否定句，作“还”讲。 Have you been to London yet? 你去过伦敦吗？

The rain hasn’t stopped yet. 雨还没停。

still “仍然，继续”，表示某事仍在进行，主要用于肯定句中；

有时也用于否定句表示“但，不过”。 It is still raining now. 现在还在下雨。

After fifty lessons I still can’t drive well. 我上了五十次课，车还是开的不太好。

8. too much, much too

too much 表示“过多(much)”之意。

The students have too much homework every day. 学生们每天的家庭作业太多了。 much too 表示“太……(too)”之意。

I am much too pleased to see you. 见到你，我太高兴了。 9. probably, possibly, perhaps, maybe, likely

probably 意为“很可能，十有，大概”，用来指有根据、合情理、值得相信的判断，语气

比possibly更强。使用时，可位于句首、谓语动词之前、助动词/情态动词/be 动词之后。 Probably the cost will be greater than we thought. 成本可能会比我们想的高得多。

He was probably astonished to see his father. 他看到父亲可能会很吃惊。

possibly 意为“可能，也许”，强调客观上有可能性，但带有实际希望很小的暗示。 Possibly we’ll meet again soon. 或许我们会很快再次相见的。

perhaps 与possibly 的意思相近，使用时通常放在句首。 Perhaps the weather will change this evening. 或许今晚会变天。

maybe 与perhaps 相同，多用于美式英语，尤其用于口语中。 — Is that true? 那是真的吗？

— Maybe/Perhaps, but I’m not sure. 可能是，但我不确定。

likely 其可能性在probably和possibly之间，常用very likely/most likely (= probably)。 She’ll very likely/probably cry when you go. 你走的时候她可能会哭。

第五讲：动词及动词短语

动词和动词短语知识

一、动词的分类： 1、行为动词（实义动词）

①及物动词（带宾语）：study, develop; ②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come

③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong ④动作动词：延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come） 2、连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类）

3、助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）

be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall 4、情态动词

can(could),may(might),must,shall(should) 二、短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点

1、动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类

Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物）

Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物）注意：

①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开

She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。

②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间 She gave them away.她送掉了它们。

③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异

ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话 put away放好 put on穿，上演 put up挂起，举起 ④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异

break out发生，爆炸 carry out进行，开展 go out熄灭 hand out分发 let out放出 look out当心 sell out卖完 set out出发 take out取出 work out算出 2、动词+介词(及物)

I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。 ②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。 look after照料，look at看，look for寻找 3、动词+副词+介词

I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。

注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。

三、考点聚焦及解题点拨 1、(单个动词)同义词近义词辨析

从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词） 2、系动词的用法状态系动词be

持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest 表象系动词seem,appear

感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel 变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 终止系动词prove,turn out

解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go hungry,come true,turn writer

3、接双宾语的动词

give sb. sth=give sth.to sb buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb 但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to sb. explain sth.to sb. read sth. to sb.

4、短语动词的辨析：熟记常考的短语动词的意义 5、容易被我们忽视的知识点

sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义

happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等无被动形式

高考英语动词短语总汇

一、动词be构成的短语动词

1．be known as／be famous as作为„„而闻名 be known for因„„而出名 be known to为„„所知 be known by凭„„而知

The hill is known for the temple． LuXun is known to us as a writer．

One can be known by his words and deeds． 2．be married to与„„结婚

She is married to a musician．．． 3．be tired of／with对„„厌烦

He is tired of／with this kind of life． =He is bored with this kind of life． 4．be terrified at被„„吓一跳 He is terrified at the snake． 5．be burdened with负重

He is burdened with a heavy load． 6．be crowded with挤满

The shop is crowded with people． 7．be dressed in穿着

She is dressed in red．

8．be experienced in对„„有经验

He is experienced in mending bikes． 9．be equipped with装备

They are equipped with guns and food． 10．be furnished with提供，布置

They are furnished with enough food．

11．be engaged in sth从事，忙于(=be busy with sth) He has been engaged in writing novels． 12．be engaged to与„„订婚

My daughter is engaged to a nice doctor．

13．be about to do sth．正要做„„

1 was just about to go swimming when our guide saw me and stopped me． 14．be fit to do／be fit for胜任；适合于 He is fit to do the work．

These books are not fit for children． 15．be worth doing值得做„„ The film is worth seeing again． 16．be proud of以„„而自影骄傲 I am proud of being a Chinese．

17．be used to sth．／doing sth．习惯于„„ My grandpa is not used to living in the noisy city

18．be content to do sth．／with„ 甘愿于干„„；满足于„„ I am content with your work this time． 19．be content with对„„感到满意 You should be content with what you have 20．be up to应由„„，轮到„„ It's up to her to answer the question．

21．be meant／intended for打算给，打算用作 Is this valuable painting meant for me? 22．be connected with与„„有联系

He was also connected with the government． 23．be crazy about对„„狂热

Many young people are crazy about Hip-Hop．

二、动词break构成的短语动词

1．break out爆发

The Anti—Japanese War broke out in 1937． 2．break in打断；闯入

Two robbers broke in and robbed the bank of a lot of money． 3.break into闯入；破门而入

They broke into the uncle’s bedroom and found the man lying on the floor。dead．4．break away from脱离

Lincoln said it was not fight for the south to break away from the union． 5．break down(机器，车辆)坏了；失败了；摧毁；分解 We are sorry to arrive late．but the car broke down． 6．break through突破

The marchers broke through the line of the police． 7．break off折断；中断；断绝

Let’s break off for half an hour and have some tea． 8．break up驱散，拆散

The police broke up the crowd．

三、动词carry构成的短语动词

1．carry on进行

He had learned enough English to carry on a conversation 2．carry out执行；进行

They were carrying out an important experiment． 3．carry away拿走

Please carry these desks away． 4．carry off夺走，抢走

Some unknown man carried off the prize

四、动词call构成的短语动词

1．call on拜访某人，号召

We will call on Mr．Li tomorrow．

We are called on to help those in trouble． 2．call at拜访某地

I called at your office yesterday, but you were not in 3．call for需要；要求；邀约(人)；取(物) Success called for hard work． call for a doctor去请医生 4.call in 请来;收回

Mother is badly i11．so call in a doctor at once． 5．call up打电话；征召；回想起

I called Tom up and told him the news．

In most countries men are called up at the age of 18．

As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village called up scenes of my childhood．

五、动词catch，hold构成的短语动词 1．catch／take／get hold of sth．抓住某物

Catch／Get／Take hold of the rope．and I'll pull you up． 2．catch up with赶上

Work hard and I gin sure you are able to catch up with others in class． 3．catch fire着火；烧着

Last night a big building caught fire． 4．catch sight of发现；看到

When the mice caught sight of the cat，the mice run away as quickly as possible． 5．hold up举起；阻滞(交通等)；耽搁

He held up one of his fingers and showed it to the class． In the rush hour the traffic is hold up．，． 6．hold back阻止；控制

We must hold them back from fighting． 7．hold one’s breath憋住气，屏息

How long can you hold your breath under water? 8 hold out坚持；拿出

We must hold out until help comes．

六、动词come构成的短语动词

1．come into„进入„„状态

come into being(事物、局面等)产生；形成 The custom came into being long long ago． 2．come along过来；快点

Come along! It’s nearly eight o'clock． 3．come out出来；出版

How did the printing come out? 4．come true实现

I am sure your dream will come true one day． 5．come back to life苏醒过来

When the wounded soldier came back to life，he found himself in hospital． 6．come to the point说到要点，触及问题实质 7．come about发生，造成

The event came about as he had predicted it． 8．come across碰见

You’re the most beautiful woman I've ever come across．同义词组：run across

I came across an old friend in the street． 9．come to all end结束

Your duties here have come to an end． 10．come to light为人所知，显露

The robbery didn’t come to light until the next day 11．come up with提出，想出

He came up with a new suggestion

七、动词do构成的短语动词

1．do well in在某方面做得好

My cousin is a sailor and he is doing very well in the navy 2．do good to对„„有好处

Doing morning exercises will do good to your health． 3．do harm to对„„有害处

Too much noise does harm to our health． 4．do with处理

What did you do with our goods? 5．do sb．a favour帮某人的忙

Will you do me a favour to carry it upstairs? 6．do up系纽扣；梳理

Look，your bottom isn’t done up． do up one’s hair梳理头发

八、动词get构成的短语动词

1．get in touch with同„„取得联系 2．get up起床

He gets up very early every day． 3．get back回来；取回

1 will get back next weekend． 4．get on上车

You shouldn’t get on the bus until it has stopped completely5．get over克服；度过

You’ll soon get over these difficulties． 6．get off下车

The bus stopped and the passengers got off． 7．Get together相聚

We should go to a restaurant to get together． 8．get on／along well with与„„相处融洽 I am getting on well with my classmates． 9．get into进人；陷入

Don’t get into the habit of smoking． 10．get into trouble陷入麻烦 11．get in a word插话 12．get rid of除掉

We aye doing our best to get rid of pollution． 13．get through通过；接通；完成；经历

I tried to telephone you but I couldn’t get through． 1 will be with you as soon as I get through this work 14．get to到达

He had to get to the other side of street to attend a meeting 15．get about／around／round传开，传出去 The news of the disaster soon get about． 16．get across使理解

The teacher tried to explain the problem，but the explanation did not get across to the class． 17．get away离开

1 was in a meeting and couldn’t get away．

18．get down to(doing)sth．安心做，开始认真干 You must get down to your studies this year．

九、动词give构成的短语动词

1．give up放弃

I persuaded him to give up the foolish plan． 2．give in屈服；投降

He wouldn’t give in to the enemy． 3．give out用完；耗尽

Our food and water will give out soon． 4．get out of从„„出来，摆脱， He got out of debt．

5．give away分发；捐赠；泄露

He gave away most of his fortune to the poor work Please don’t give my secret away． 6．give off放出

This engine gives off lots of smoke and steam 7．give back归还；恢复

Living here has given me back my health．

十、动词go构成的短语动词

1．go ahead继续；干吧

He went ahead with the work and got it done．一May I use your phone? ---Certainly．Go ahead．

2．go by(时间)过去；经过(地点) Don’t let the good chance go by． 3．go out(灯、火)熄灭

When they arrived，the fire had gone out． 4．go on(doing)继续做某事 Please go on with your work． 5．go on to do sth．接着做另外的事

He went on to watch TV after he had finished his home一 6．go over检查；复习

When I came into the teacher's room，our teacher is going over our homework． 7．go through完成；通过；经历；仔细检察

During the night the computers go through the information． She went through one hardship after another．

Mother went through the drawer looking for the sweater． I've gone through too much money this week． 8．go all out(=try／do one’s best)竭尽全力 They went all out to build the dam． 9．go about开始着手，到处走动，传开

How does one go about getting the information． 10．go against违背

They are going against our wishes． 11．go back回家，追溯

This festival goes back to Roman times． 12．go for运用于，应用于’

The medicine went for nothing． 13．go in for参加，爱好

She went in for a singing competition． 14．go with相配

I want some shoes to go with these trousers． 15．go without不吃／喝／用

The poor boy often has to go without supper． 16．go beyond超过

That’s going beyond a joke． 17．go up上升，上涨

The goods have gone up in quality． 18．go down下降，降沉，下沉 The moon has gone down．

十一、动词have构成的短语动词

1．have a word with sb．和某人说句话

Could you spare a few minutes? I want to have a word with. 2．have words with争吵

They’ve had words with her about money． 3．have(deep)effects on对„„有(深远)影响 The book has great effects on his life．

4．have difficulty in／find difficulty in／have trouble (in) doing… 做„„有困难 We have／find difficulty in writing the composition． We have trouble in writing the composition.

十二、动词keep构成的短语动词

1．keep on doing sth．继续或反复做某事

Marx kept on studying English and using it when he lived in London． 2．keep up坚持；保持；

Keep up your courage and you will succeed． 3．keep up with跟上

She can’t keep up with others．

4．keep back保留；阻止；隐瞒；拒留

She was in deep sorrow。but she kept back her tears． 5．keep away from远离

Keep children away from the fire． 6．keep … out of使„„不进入

In ancient times, the Great Wall was built in order to keep the enemy out of the country．7．keep one’s word遵守诺言

I am sure you will keep your word．

8．keep in touch/ contact with与…保持联系

We have kept in touch with each other by writing letters． 9．keep silent保持沉默

He kept silent．about the matter． 10．keep／prevent／stop．．．from doing sth．制止(防止)„„做某事 The heavy rain kept us from going out． 11．keep off使„„远离 Please keep off the grass．

十三、动词knock构成的短语动词

1．knock at敲(门、窗等)

Yon should knock at the door before coming in． 2．knock down撞倒

They make sure the cows not knock the young trees down or eat the leaves．． 3．knock sb. off sw.撞掉下来

A child ran into the street and knocked the woman off her bicycle． 4．knock about连续打击／碰撞，漂泊，闲逛 He has knocked about all over Asia．

十四、动词look构成的短语动词

1．1ook up抬头；查阅

You may look up a new word in a dictionary． 2．1ook out小心

Look out! The pan is on fire． 3．1ook into调查

We’11 further look into the matter． 4．1ook forward to盼望

We look forward to knowing the results of the exam． 5．1ook through仔细看；浏览

You have to look through the papers before you hand them 6．1ook up to尊敬

Young children should look up to old people． 7．1ook down upon瞧不起

The days are gone when women were looked down upon 8．1ook like看起来

You look like your father．

9．1ook on„as(=treat／consider／take／regard/ think of．．．as) 把„„看作 He looks on the computer as his friend． 10．1ook after照顾

When I am out，my husband looks after our baby． 11．1ook for寻找

What are you looking for?

十五、动词make构成的短语动词

1．make a dive for向„„猛冲

The dog made a dive for the bone． 2．make an apology to sb. for向„„道歉 He apologized／made an apology to her． 3．be made up of组成

Two thirds of the earth’s surface is made up of vast oceans． 4．make up组成；化妆；打扮；补充；弥补；编造；捏造

Great Britain and Northern Ireland make up the United Kingdom． It took her more than one hour to make up for the party Our losses have to be made up with more loans． The whole story is made up. 5．make room for给„„腾地方

Would you like to make room for the old lady? 6．make up one’s mind下决心

I have made up my mind to work harder than before． 7．make up for弥补

We must make up for the time wasted before． 8．make use of利用

We should make full use of the books in the library 9．make one’s way排除困难前进

After the film ended we made our way out of the cinema． 10．make progress进步

With the teacher's help，I have made much progress． 11．make repairs修理

They are making repairs in that building 12．make a promise许诺言

Father made a promise to buy me a new computer 13．make a living谋生

He began to make a living by himself when he was ten． 14．make the best of尽量利用

Mother didn’t enjoy his job，but she made the best of it 15．make for走向，前往

They set off by car and made for the nearest town． 16．make out认出，理解

We made out a figure in the darkness． It’s difficult to make out his ideas． 17．make it成功，及时达到

After hard—working．we made it at last．

十六、动词put构成的短语动词

1．put away放好；收起来

Put the books away after reading． 2．put down记下；平息．

Put down the gentleman’s address． 3．put out扑灭；出版

It took the fire—fighters four hours to put out the fire 4．put up举起；建造；张贴；公布，投宿

Many new high buildings have been put up in our city 5．put up with(=stand／bear)忍受

He is prepared to put up with it for the time being 6．put on穿上；上演；增加

We will put on the new play next month． 7．put off延期；拖延

The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather 8．put through完成；(打电话)把„„接通 Can you put me through to this number? 9．put forward提出建议，拨快(钟等)

The doctor put forward a good suggestion．

十七、动词take构成的短语动词

1．take up占用(时间;空间)；从事

The piano takes up too much space in the room 2．take„out拿出去

We don’t allow taking books out of the reading room 3．take sides站在„„一边

Switzerland didn’t take sides in the First World War． 4．take place发生

The strike took place just before liberation． 5．take the place of代替

Now cotton can be taken the place of by many other materials．6．take one’s place就座；代替某人职位

They took their places before the meeting began． 7．take it easy别着急

Take it easy．and you are not badly i11． 8．take off脱掉；起飞；成功

The plane takes off at eight．

They not just made progress but took off． 9．take part in参加

Martin Luther King took a leading part in the great march 10．take pride in以„„而自豪

He took pride in being a student in Beijing University． 11．take away(from)拿走；使停留，使离开

The child was taken away from school，not allowed to at． 12．take in欺骗，摄取

take on雇用，接受(工作)，呈现(品质、面貌) take over接管

The pretty girl took in my feeling． You’d better take in some fruits． Yon have taken on too much

The frogs can take on the colours of its background The new headmaster took over yesterday．

He is taking over my job while I'm on holiday．

十八、动词turn构成的短语动词

1．turn up出现；开大(音量)；到达，发生

He didn’t turn up until two o'clock yesterday afternoon 2．turn against背叛

She will never turn against her country 3．turn on旋开(电灯等) Turn on TV please．． 4．turn off关上(电灯等)

Please turn off the light before you 1eave． 5．turn down开小(音量)

Would you mind turning down the radio? 6．turn over翻转

It is spring now，and peasants are turning over the fields 7．turn in交出；交

Jane turned in the wallet found at the school gate． 8．turn to找某人寻求帮助；翻到；转向

They always turn to me when they are in trouble． 9．turn into变成

It turned into a nice day．

10．turn out结果是／关掉／查明／生产

Do you think the crops will turn out well this year? The day turn out fine．

The factory turns out 100 car8 per day．

十九、动词help, hand, lead，die构成的短语动词1．help sb．with sth．帮助某人做某事 I often help my mother with house work． 2．help oneself to sth．尽管请便；请随便吃 As you like fish，help yourself to it． 3．hand in交上来

You have to hand in your compositions before weekend． 4．hand out分发

Would you like to help me to hand out the books to your classmates? 5．1ead to sth．／doing sth．导致 Hard work can lead to Success．

6．1ead a．．．1ife过„„的生活

Einstein led a simple life in America． 7．die of死于„„(内因) die from死于„„(外因) The old man died of old age．

Many old people died from air pollution in winter． 8．die out灭绝

This kind of bird is dying out．

二十、动词tell, talk, speak，hear，ask, answer构成的短语动词

1．talk to／with sb．和某人谈话

The woman I talked to just now is in charge of the office． 2．speak of／speak about大胆讲话；大声说出来 He dared to speak about his opinion at the meeting． 3．hear of听说

I don’t know him．but I have heard of him． hear from接到某人的书信

I haven’t heard from him for nearly a year． 4．ask for要；请求

He often asks his parents for money． 5．ask sb．to do sth．要某人做某事 ask sb．for sth．向某人要某物 6．answer for对„„负责

You will have to answer for your behaviour one day

二十一、动词set，send构成的短语动词

1．send for派人去请

The police were sent for as soon as the accident took place． 2．send out发出(光亮等)

The sun sends out light and heat． 3．send up发射

A number of man-made satellites have been sent up into space in the past few years． 4．send off寄出，派遣；给„„送行 send in寄送某处进行处理、

Many of his friends sent him off at the airport. (see him off) He sent in 3 drawings for the competition． 5．set about doing sth．(=set to do sth．／set out to do sth．／get down to doing sth．)开始„„；着手„„

We’11 set about doing this next month． 6．set out／off出发；开始

We set out to work at five in the early morning and hoped to finish it before dark． 7．set up建立；树立；设立

Many new buildings have been set up in this area in the past ten years． 8．set sb．free释放

In the end all slaves were set free． set fire to／set„on fire放火烧„„

The man who set fire to the building was arrested． 9．set an example to树立榜样

His courage set an example to us．

二十二、动词show，point，agree，pay构成的短语动词

1．show sb．in领某人进来

The man in charge of the shop came up to show us in．

2．show sb．out领某人出去Please show the lady out． 3．show sb．around领某人参观

We were showed around the new factory by the chief engineer． 4．point out指出

If I have done anything wrong，please point it out 5．point at指指点点

In part of Asia you must not sit with feet pointing at another person. 6．agree to do sth．同意做某事

He agreed to help me with my English． 7．agree with同意某人的意见；适合于 He agreed with me at last．

The climate here doesn’t agree with me． 8．agree on意见一致

The building of a new factory was agreed on last month． 9．pay for付钱

I paid 100 yuan for that shirt． 10．pay off还清债务

It took the couple ten years of hard work to pay off the debts． 11．pay back把钱还回给某人

I can lend the money to you on condition that you must pay it back in two days．二十三、动词try，wait构成的短语动词

1．try on试穿

He is trying on a new suit． 2．try out试用

Any TV set must be tried out before it leaves the factory． 3．try one’s best to do尽力去做„„ We all try our best to help others． 4．wait for等待

Hurry up! They must be waiting for us． 5．wait on服侍；伺候

Mrs．Smith waited on her husband from morning till night

二十四、其他短语动词

1．connect with把„„联接起来

he operator will connect you to／with our manager 2．deal with对付；处理；论述；和„„做生意 I don’t know how to deal with the problem． 3．depend on依靠

I am your friend．You can depend on me to help you． 4．divide into把„„分成

The train had divided into two parts in the station where it had stopped．

5．persuade sb．to do sth．说服某人做某事

I tried to persuade him to give up smoking．but I failed． 6．drive off把车开走

The traffic is held up，so I can’t drive off． 7．drop in(on sb．／at a place)顺便拜访„„

He usually drops in at my place on his way home． 8．refer to指；谈到；参照

When I said some people are stupid，I wasn’t referring to you． 9．spend„on sth．／in doing sth．在„„花(钱，时间等)

She spent lots of her money on clothes． 10．stick to sth．／doing sth．坚持

Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research 11．stick with和„„在一起，保持联系

He stuck with(=remained in)the firm for 20 years. 12．wear out(使)筋疲力尽

I was worn out from the long walk． 13．work out算出；计算出

The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out． 14．struggle against与„„作斗争

We are struggling against pollution．、 15．quarrel with sb．about sth．为„„争吵

She often quarrels with her husband about housework． 16．devote„to sth．／sb．献身于；致力于 After he graduated from university，he devoted himself to the teaching work in the countryside． 17．used to do sth．过去常常

There used to be a brook in front of my house when 1 was a little child． 18．settle down定居

After years of traveling, Mr．Li decided to settle down． 19．stand for代表 What does“U．S．”stand for7 stand by支持

No matter what happens．I’11 stand by you．

stand by = support／take part with／take the side of／be in favour(support)of 20．begin at／start with／begin with以„„开始 Today we shall begin at page 40． Autumn begins／starts with August． to begin with首先

21．end up最后落得„„的结局／下场 end(up)with以„„结束 22．act on照„„行事． He acts on principles．

23．answer for／be responsible for对„„负责 You will answer for what you said．

You will be responsible for what you said．

24．believe in信仰、信奉(真理、宗教、原则等)；信任 believe相信某人所说的话

trust相信某人的品德、为人、能力等 I trust you．=I believe in you. I don’t believe what she said． have trust in相信 She has trust in him．

believe it or not信不信由你

Believe it or not，he walked 12 miles to help you 25．belong to属于

The house belongs to me． 26．burst into突然„„起来

She burst into tears at the news．

27．put an end to sth结束(不好的事)；制止 We must put an end to this foolish behavior． 28．compare„to„把„„比作„„

Man’s life is often compared to a candle． compare„with„把„„和„„比较

Compare this with that，and you’11 see which is better． compared to／with和„„比起来(常在句中作状语)

Compared to／with many people，she was indeed lucky． 29．care for喜欢；照料；关心 care about关心；计较；在乎 I don’t care for playing the piano． I don’t care about／for what you said． 30．change„for„用„„换取„„ He changed his house for a car． change„with sb．和某人交换„„ Will you change seats with me? change„into„把„„变成„„

The fairy changed the cat into a swan． 31．share(in)sth．with sb．与某人共同使用 He shared her toys with others． 32．base„on根据

He based the conclusion on experiments． 33．congratulate„on／upon祝贺

We congratulated her on winning the contest． 34．consist of／be made up of由„„组成

The United Kingdom consists of／is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland． 35．clear up放晴；收拾；整理；澄清；解决 The weather cleared up after the thunderstorm． Let me clear up the things on the tables． I'd like to clear up two or three points．

副词up与某些动词连用，表示“完全„‘彻底”或“动作难度等的增加” We’ve eaten everything up．‘

He tore up the letter after reading it． 36．up和动词组成的其它短语还有：

look up查找tie up绑好fasten up固定好8peak up大声说blow up吹起来save up储存add up加起来tidy up收拾干净break up打碎speed up加速lock up锁好bring up抚养set up成立 37．cure„of治愈；痊愈

The medicine cured him of his headache． 38．treat„for治疗；医治

The doctor treated me for my broken leg． treat„to„以„„款待 I’11 treat you to dinner． treat„as把„„当作„„

The teacher treated us as her friends．

39．owe„to„因„„而感激(某人)；把„„归功于 owe„for．_．欠„„的钱(债，人情) He owed five yuan for Mary．

Owing to his laziness he failed in the test． 40．operate on为„„手术

He operated on the wounded soldier． 41．quarrel over为„„争吵

quarrel with同„„争吵

They quarrelled over the property． She quarrelled with her mother．

42．reply to答复

43．recover from恢复

She has recovered from her illness． 44．head for朝„„去

The ship is heading for the nearest port． 45．inspire„with„以„„激发 He inspired them with courage． 46．insist on／persist in坚持

He insisted on／persisted in doing that． 47．join in参加(活动)

join sb．in．加入某人做事。， He joined us in watering the trees． She also joined in the dancing． 48．1ong for渴望

I'm longing for a letter from him． 49．1earn．．．by heart背会 She has learnt it by heart． 50．1eave for动身去

He is leaving for Nanjing next week． 51．fix one’s eyes on凝视

He fixed his eyes on the girl．

52．form the habit of／fall into the habit of／get into the habit of养成„„的习惯 He formed the habit of smoking． He fell into the habit of smoking． be in the habit of有„„的习惯

get out of the habit of改掉„„的习惯 He is in the habit of getting up early． He got out of the habit of smoking． 53．present„with赠送

He presented her with a gold watch． 54．1ive on靠„„生活，以„„为主食 Sheep live on grass．

1ive through活动，经历过

He has lived through two wars and two revolutions． 1ive up to不辜负

We shouldn’t live up to my parents’ will． 1ive with忍受，容忍

I don’t like the noise．but I have to live with it． 55．mix．．．with同„„混合

Oil and water can’t mix with each other． 56．wipe out消灭

The enemy troops have been wiped out． 57．result in导致

result from由„„引起

Overeating results in／causes／leads to／brings about his illness． His illness results from overeating． 58．Rob…of．．．抢走

The pain robbed him of sleep． remind„of„使(某人)想起一„·

This reminds me of what we did together during our holidays． warn„of以．．警告(某人)„„

He was warned of the danger． inform„of．．．通知(某人)„„

Have you informed them of your departure? 59．watch out for提防同义词组：look out for be on one’s guard be on the watch for

We should watch out for the thief． We should look out for the thief． We should be on our guard．

We should be on the watch for the thief． watch over照顾；看守 keep watch看守；值班 be on watch在值班 be off watch不在值班

The old should watch over the young． The soldier is on／off watch． 60．face up to面对；承担 We must face up to the fact． 61．fit in with适合；符合

The clothes fit in with her． =The clothes are fit for her． 62．pay attention to注意

He paid much attention to her life． 63．pass a judgement on判决

The court passed a judgement on the case．．add up to总计为

The income adds up to 1．000 dollars． 65．accuse„of控告某人

Who accused you of such a thing? 66．aim at瞄准，目标是

The huntsman aimed (his gun) at the lion and fired but missed it．67．allow for顾及，考虑到

He should have allowed for the price． 68．apply for申请 apply to应用

I have applied for a passport．

The term is rarely applied to animals．

69．be(just)around the comer即将到来=be on the way They claimed that recovery was just around the corner． 70．be attached to附属于；依恋 She was so attached to her home． 71．be aware of知道，意识到

He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him． 72．become of发生

They wondered what had become of him． 73．beg for乞求

He came over and begged for a light 74．benefit from得益于

I benefited from my father’s advice 75．be buried in埋头于

He was buried in a book99．object to反对 Do you object to such simple pleasures?

76．centre．．．on集中„„于

She centred her attention on the problem． 77．charge„for索价 ’ charge„with控告

We don’t charge anything for that．

He was charged by the police with breaking the law． 78．cheat„of骗取某人某物

He cheated me(out)of my money． 79．cool off变凉，冷却，冷静

It cooled off after the downpour last night． 80．concentrate(„)on专心于，聚精会神于 P1ease concentrate on the lesson． 81．take„into consideration考虑到

These were a11 factors which hed to be taken into consideration．82．account for说明原因解释

He couldn’t account for his absence from sch001． 83．clean up收拾；整理

You should always clean up after a picnic． 84．dream of／about梦想；想到 I never dream of its hurting you． 85．drop out(of)辍学；中途退出 If you don’t like the idea, drop out． 86．feed on以„„为主食

It feeds on a certain kind of fish． feed„on用„„喂养

What do you feed your dogs on? 87．fix up安装

They are busy fixing up the lights． 88．focus on聚集于，集中于

Focus your attention on your work．．set foot in／on踏上，走进

Never set foot on our property again． 90．hang up挂上电话；挂起来

After she finished her conversation，she hung up． Lester hung up his hat and coat． 91．hunt for寻找

What do you hurt for? 92．know about了解

I happened to know about him． know of听说，知道有

He said that he knew of a hotel that might suit him 93．1ay down放下

The general told the troops to lay down their arms． 94．1eave alone别动，别管，让„„单独呆着 Thank you，but leave me alone，please． 1eave out遗漏；忽视，不理会 Don’t leave me out，please． 95．1et alone更不用说

I couldn’t afford to rent a house like that，let alone buy it let down使失望

I won’t let him down in any way

96．1ight up照亮，点燃

The searchlight lit up the whole area． throw light upon阐明，使„„清楚

Perhaps you can throw some light on these 97．be lost in埋头于，迷失在„„中 We were lost in the forest 98．take notice of注意

Don’t take any notice of what he says． 99．object to反对

Do you object to such simple pleasures? 100．be occupied with／in忙于，从事于 He was occupied in writing letters． 101．occur to被想到

That view of the case did not occur to me before 102．operate on为„„动手术

You can’t get a private doctor to operate on him． 103．pass away去世

He passed away at eighty． pass by经过，流逝，忽视

He had a feeling that his friends were passing him by pass on传递，传给，去世

The news was passed on by word of mouth 104．reach for伸手去拿

Sam reached for his gun． reach out伸出

David reached out and took down a small leather-bound book． 105．react to反应，反对

How did he react to the news? 106．remember„to代向„„问好 Remember me to your family! 107．rise up起立，起议

The people finally rose up and dethroned(废黜)the unpopular monarch．108．round up把„„聚拢

Round up the rest of the flowers． 109．seek after／for追求，征求，寻求 What did you seek for? 110．serve as担任，充当

Tom served for twelve years as a soldier． 111．shut up闭嘴，关门，打烊 Shut up !

112．slow down减慢，减速，慢下来

Slow down when you come to the main road． 113．spread out展开，铺开，延伸 Spread out your fingers． 114．stare at盯着，凝视

The little girl stared at the toys in the window． 115．supply sth．to／for向„„提供

The school supplies books for the children． 116．suspect sb．of怀疑某„„ I suspect him of killing the girl． 117．sweep away冲走，卷走，扫除 The dust has all been swept away．

118．tear down拆除

Did they tear the building down? tear up撕碎，连根拨起 I'm afraid I’ve torn it up． 119．tell apart区分，辨别

The teacher could not tell the twins apart． 120．tidy up整理，收拾

She decided to tidy up the upstairs rooms．

第六讲：介词及介词短语

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