more than, not more than, no more than, no less than,not less than ,other than,rather than

一、 more than 后跟形容词、副词、分词、动词、名词， more than 起强调作用，含义是 more than 后的形容词、副词、分词、动词、名词的分量不足以反应实际情况而加以说明，汉语意思是：“十分，非常，岂止，简直，不仅仅，绰绰有余”。例如：

I am more than content with what you said. 我对你的讲话十分满意。

She was dressed more than simply. 她穿着太朴素了。

Being a good listener means much more than just listening with ears.

做一个好的听者不仅仅意味着“用耳朵听”。

Peace is much more than the absence of war. 和平不仅仅是没有战争。

can't agree more、A doctor can't be too careful. A kid can never have too many toys.小孩永远不会嫌玩具多。

二、 more than / more … than 跟含 can 的从句，这种结构不能照字面来翻译。 more than 之后的从句里，英语里虽是肯定形式，却表示否定概念。 more than … can …的结构意为“简直不可能”；“ more … than … can …”的结构意为“达到不可能的程度”。例如：

The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. 那个地方美得我简直不可以言表。

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How he manages to live is more than I can tell. 他怎样生活的，我简直猜不透。

He has more money than he can spend. 他有花不完的钱。

三、 more … than 通常用于比较两个不同的人物，但有时也可用来指一个人物本身的两种特性，这时其意义和 rather than 相同，肯定 more 后面的，而否定 than 后面的。汉语意思是“与其说……不如说……”，“是……而不是……”。例如：

He is more diligent than clever. 与其说他聪明，不如说他勤奋。

She is more shy than unsocial. 她是害羞，而不是不爱社交。

He is more of a fool than a knave. 与其说他是个无赖，不如说他是个笨蛋。

四、 no more than 与 not more than 后跟名词所表含义的区别：

no more than 后跟名词的意思是“只不过，仅仅”，有“轻视，嫌少”之意。例如：

He is no more than a puppet. 他只不过是个傀儡。

He felt no more than five dollars in the bag. 他的袋子里只剩下 5 美元（有言其少之意）。 not more than 后跟名词的意思是“不超过，至多”，是一般的否定，或客观地说明数字。

They were not more than two hours from the place.

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他们离那个地方最多不过两个小时的路线。

I have not more than five dollars in my pocket.

我口袋里的钱不多于 5 美元（最多 5 美元，不超过 5 美元）。

五、 no more … than （ not … any more than ）跟从句，表示两者皆否定的观念，意思是“不……正如……不……一样”。例如：

He's no more fit to be a minister than a school boy would be. 小学生不适合当，他也不适合当（这句话的重点在 He's no more fit to be a minister ）。

A nation cannot exist without people any more than a tree can grow without roots.

一个国家不可能离开人民而存在，正如树没有根不能生长一样。

not more … than 跟从句表示两者皆肯定的观念，只是有差别而已，意思是“不及……那样”。例如：

He is not more diligent than you are.

他不象你那样勤奋。

（重点在 you are diligent 。他也勤奋，但不如你勤奋。）

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六、 little more than; no less than

little more than ，因 little 含有否定意义，因此其汉语意思是“不过，仅仅，多不了多少”。例如：That is worth little more than one dollar. 那不过值一美元。

no less than ，因“ no less ”含双重否定，因此其汉语意思是“不少于，有……之多”。例如： There were no less than fifty killed and wounded. 死伤者不少于 50 人。

七、 more than 虽属比较结构，但可辅以一定的词汇手段，如： no, nothing, nobody, nowhere, any, anything else, hardly, scarcely 等否定句，便可表达最高级的含义。例如：

Nothing is more precious than time.

没有什么比时间更可贵的东西了。

No complaint is more common than that of a scarcity of money.

最普通的就是说钱不够用。

George did more work this morning than anyone else.

乔治今天上午干的工作比任何人都多。

词语辨析：more/less than词组用法比较

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一. no more… than V.S. not more… than

结构：no/not+(more)形容词或者副词比较级+ than

① no more… than 或者not any more…than含有否定意义，表示“与…一样不…”。

② not more… than 具有肯定意义，表示“…不比…更”。

Tom is no taller than Jack. 汤姆和杰克一样不太高。

Tom is not taller than Jack. 汤姆没有杰克高。

例2：He speaks English no more clearly than I. 他和我一样英语说不太清楚。

He doesn’t speak English more clearly than I. 他说英语没有我清楚。

*no more..than 表示“…与…几乎一样”，但是程度低。

例：He jumped no farther than I. 他跳得和我差不多远。(暗示一样不远，很近)

*no more…than还可以后接名词或者动词。

例：①I can no more sing than he can dance. 我不会唱歌就像他不会跳舞一样。

②The spider is no more an insect than the whale is a fish. 正如鲸不是鱼一样，

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蜘蛛不是昆虫。

二．no more than V.S. not more than

no more than后接数词，相当于only;

not more than 表示“不超过”

① He concluded his idea in no more than sixty words. 他只用了60个字来总结他的观点。

② He concluded his idea in not more than sixty words. 他用了不足60个字来总结他的观点。

三．no less…than V.S. not less… than

no less…than 后接形容词或者副词，表示肯定意义，表示“与…一样…”，相当于as…as…；

not less… than 表示“不比…更…”表示在程度上前者不比后者差。

① The boy is no less quick at figures than I. 他对数字的反应和我一样快。

② The boy is not less quick at figures than I. 他对数字的反应快，不亚于我。（至少和我一样，甚至更快）

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四. no less than V.S. not less than

no less than后接数词，表示“多达”，有强调“多”的含义。

not less than表示“不少于，至少”。

① She paid no less than $500 for the new dress. 她花了多达500美金买了这条新裙子。

② It cost him not less than 10 hours to finish the job. 完成这个工作，他花了至少10个小时。

例2：

① No less than 300 children have participated in the game. 多达300个孩子参加了游戏。

② Not less than 300 children have participated in the game. 至少有300个孩子参加了游戏。

no less than不亚于，竟达……之多

1)The audience was no less than five thousand. 听众有五千人之多。

2)That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night. 那间旅馆的住宿费大约要20元一晚呢。

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not less than不比……差，至少

1)I'll stay here not less than three days. 我将待在这里至少三天。

no more than同样不；仅仅，只有

1)He is no more than a worker. 他仅仅是个工人。

2)It's no more than a misunderstanding. 这只是个误会。

3)It is no more than ten minutes' walk from the station. 由车站走到这里只有十分钟的路程。

not more than不比……更，不如；至多

1）He is not more diligent than you are.他不象你那样勤奋。（重点在 you are diligent 。他也勤奋，但不如你勤奋。）

2)I'll stay here not more than three days. 我将待在这里最多不超过三天。

“other than”的用法

In that case, there is nothing you can do ______ than wait.

A. more B. other C. better D. any

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该题涉及“other than”这一英语中常见常用的短语，其含义较多、理解难以准确把握、句型搭配较为灵活，而一般的语法书和词典对“other than”的用法又涉及较少或说明不详。

一、“other than”的含义

1. other than = except, but, apart from “除……以外”

(1) There is nobody here other than me.

这里除了我以外没有别人。

(2) Someone other than your brother should be appointed

manager. 应当任命一个除了你兄弟之外的人当经理。

2. other than = besides “除……以外，还……”

(3) English is now spoken in many countries other than England.

除英国外，其他许多国家都讲英语。

(4) There were three people at the meeting other than Mr Day.

除戴先生以外，还有三个人参加了会议。

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3. other than = not, instead of, rather than “不、非、而不是”

(5) I borrowed some books other than novels.

我借了几本书，都不是小说书。

4. other than = in any other way than “用除此以外别的方式”

(6) You can’t get there other than by swimming.

除了游过去之外，你没有别的方法到达那儿。

二、“other than”的结构

1. other than + 名词/代词

(7) The presence of elements other than iron greatly affects the

physical properties of steel.

铁以外的其他元素的存在极大地影响着钢的性能。

(8) You should get a little stifleness but other than that there

should be no side effects.

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你会感到有点发闷，但除此之外不会再有副作用。

2. other than + 形容词

(9) She can hardly be other than grateful.

她内心充满了感激之情。

(10) I could not feel other than surprised. 我只是感到吃惊。

3. other than + 副词

(11) She performed other than perfectly.

她的表演远非尽善尽美。

(12)I could not do it other than hurriedly.

我只能匆匆忙忙地做了那件事。

4. other than + 介词短语

(13)We decided not to stop anywhere other than at his house.

我们决定，除了他的房子以外，任何地方都不停留。

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(14)You can’t expect to get a pay rise other than with hard work.

只有努力工作你才能增加工资。

5. other than + 过去分词

(15)The problem is other than settled. 问题还没有解决。

(16)The struggle cannot be other than protracted.

这场斗争只能是持久的。

6. other than + 不定式

(17)He reread every page with no other purpose than to pass the time. 他一页一页地重读，不为别的，只为消磨时间。

(18)During the winter the hibernating animal can do nothing other than lie down and sleep. 在冬季，冬眠的动物只能躺下睡觉。

7. other than + 从句

(19)She is other than I thought. 她和我想象的不一样。

(20)I don’t wish her other than she is. 我不希望她改变现状。

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(21)I can’t be other than I am. 我只能是我。

(22)The truth is quite other than what you think.

事实和你想的不一样。

8. other than的其他搭配

①nothing other than “只是、仅仅”

(23)They were given nothing other than dry bread and water for their evening meal. 他们只得到了干面包和水作晚餐。

②no other than “正是、恰恰是”

(24)It was no other than my best friend, Mary.

这不是别人，正是我最好的朋友玛丽。

③ no + 名词 + other than “正是……”

(25)It was no other person than Mr Smith.

那人正是史密斯先生。

④none other than “不是别人/别的东西，正是……”

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(26)It was none other than Tom! We thought he was in Africa.

不是别人而正是汤姆！我们还以为他在非洲呢！

* * * * * * * * *

浅谈 rather than 的用法

rather than 意为“而不是”、“而没有”，侧重客观上的差别，还可以表示“与其……，倒不如（或宁可）……”，侧重句子主语或说话人主观上的选择。句中 rather than 前后一般应为名词、代词、动名词、形容词、谓语动词、动词不定式、介词短语，甚至分句等。下面分别举例说明。

一、接名词

1. He is an artist rather than a politician.

他是位艺术家，而不是政治家。（与其说他是政治家，倒不如说他是艺术家。）

2. We ought to invest in new machinery rather than building.

我们该在新机器上而不是在建筑上投资。

3. What attracted him is her personality rather than her beauty.

吸引他的是她的人格魅力,而不是她的美貌。

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二、接代词

1. It ought to be me rather than you that sign the letter.

在信上签名的该是我，而不是你。

2. The person who should be praised is you rather than me.

该受到表扬的人是你，而不是我。

三、接动名词

1. I always prefer getting up early rather than going to school without breakfast.

我总是愿意早起床，而不愿不吃早饭就去上学。

2. He enjoys reading rather than watching TV.

他喜欢读书而不喜欢看电视。

3. He was engaged in writing rather than reading the newspaper.

他在忙着写东西，而不是在看报纸。

四、接形容词

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1. I call her hair chestnut rather than brown.

我宁愿说她的头发是栗色的，而不愿说她的头发是棕色的。

2. Taking exercise every day makes him look younger rather than older.

每天锻炼身体使他显得年轻而不是年老。

3. The colour seems green rather than blue.

这颜色好像是绿的，而不是蓝的。

五、接谓语动词

1. She telephoned rather than wrote.

她打了电话，而没有写信。

2. She cried rather than smiled.

她哭了，而不是笑了。

3. He would die rather than give up smoking.

他宁死也不愿戒烟。

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六、接动词不定式

1. I decided to write rather than （ to ） telephone.

我决定写信而不打电话。

2. She likes to keep things rather than （ to ） throw them away.

她喜欢把东西保存起来而不是随手将其扔掉。

3. Rather than go there, I'd prefer to stay here on my own.

我宁愿一个人呆在这儿，而不愿去那儿。

七、接介词短语

1. I'd prefer to go in summer rather than in winter.

我宁愿夏天去，而不愿冬天去。

2. We'll have tea in the garden rather than in the house.

我们要在花园里喝茶而不想在屋里喝茶。

3. She is reading in the library rather than in the classroom.

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她正在图书馆里看书而不是在教室里。

八、接分句

1. John went to the seaside yesterday rather than he went where he often goes.

约翰昨天到海滨去了，没到他常去的地方。

2. You should help me rather than I should help you.

你应当帮我，而不是我应当帮你。

3. We should know what he meant rather than what he said.

我们应该知道他的真实想法而不是他说了什么。

注意：

1. rather than 很像并列连词。其前后都应是相互对应的词语，但接不定式时，常可省去不定式符号 to 。

2. rather than 也可分开使用，和 would 或 had 构成“ would / had rather … than ”结构， than 前后也是相互对等的结构。试比较：

1) She would rather have the small one than the large one.

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她宁愿要小的，也不愿要大的。

2) Tom would rather be liked than feared.

汤姆宁愿受人爱戴，而不愿让人惧怕。

3) Wouldn't you rather be liked than feared?

你不是宁愿受人爱戴，而不愿让人惧怕吗？

但当 would rather 被用作谓语动词后接宾语从句时，从句中的谓语动词应为虚拟形式。例如：

I'd rather you came tomorrow than today.

我宁愿明天来，而不是今天来。

3. :rather than连接两个主语时,谓语动词的数与前面主语的数相一致。如:

Jean, rather than her brothers, is to meet her parents.

是琼而不是她的兄弟们去接她父母。

辨析:

1．would rather…than/other than/rather than/or rather

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（1）would rather do sth. than do sth. else“宁愿做某事而不愿做别的”，表示主观愿望。使用这一结构时，than前后两部分的成分应对等。如果than后是动词，要用原形。例如：

He would rather have the small one than the big one.

他宁愿要小的，而不愿要大的。

He would rather sell his vegetables at half price than allow them to go bad.

他宁肯把菜半价卖了，也不愿让它们烂掉。

would rather后还可跟宾语从句，从句的谓语用过去时态。

（2）rather than“而不是”，不表示主观愿望，而表示一个事实，不和would连用。注意rather than后的动词要和主句中与之相当的动词在形式上一致。rather than位于句首时，其后的动词必须用－ing形式。例如：

He ran all the way rather than walked.

他一路跑而不是走。

I think Tom, rather than you, is to blame.

我认为是汤姆而不是你应受责备。

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Rather than being punished, he should be rewarded.

他应受奖励而不是受惩罚。

另外, rather和than还可分开使用，前后词的形式要求同rather than。例如：

I am rather bored than tired.

我与其说是疲惫不如说是厌倦。

rather than还可以表示“而不愿”的意思，此时rather than后总是跟动词原形。例如：

Rather than allow the vegetable to go bad, he sold them at half price.

他把菜半价卖掉，而不愿让它们烂掉。

（3）or rather“与其说……不如说……；更确切地说；并非那样，而是……”。例如：

I'll meet him, or rather I'll ask him to meet me.

我要会见他，或者更确切地说，我要请他来见我。

（4）other than“除了……；除了……以外”，通常用于否定句中。例如：

I can't do other than obey.

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除了服从，我别无他法。

英译汉中常见的重要短语及典型句型

1.(1) ... not so much...... as (but) ... 与其说……还不如说……(2) ... not so much that.....as (but) that...... 与其说……还不如说……(3) ... not so much as..... (=not even) 甚至于不……，连……也不……

(4) ... might as well ... as..... 与其说……还不如说……

例1：He is not so much a teacher as a scholar. 译文：与其说他是老师，还不如说是学者（注意翻译时动作的对象）例2：It wasn't so much his appearance I liked as his personality. 译文：与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的品格。例3：It's not so much that I don't want to come but I just haven't got the time.

译文：倒不是因为我不想来，而是我根本没有时间。

例4：He didn't so much as say thank you after all we'd done for him.译文：我们为他干了那么多事，他甚至连谢谢都没有说一声。例5：You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.

译文：与其将钱借给他，还不如把钱丢进大海。（注意翻译时动作的对象）

[注意]：more ... than ...

1) she is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐漂亮。

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2) George is more intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。

以上第1)句是more... than结构的一般用法，即在两个不同的事物之间就同一方面作比较；而第2)句是就同一个人的两个不同方面作比较。因此要译成“与其说……还不如说……”。

more...than结构在上述1) 2)两句中的用法也适用于less ... than结构，得出相反的含义：

例如：1) John is less daring than quick-witted. 与其说约翰胆大，不如说他脑子灵活。

2) George was less intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治聪颖过人，不如说他言行放肆。

2．几个不定代词的固定搭配：

have none of: 不参加；不准；不接受

I will have none of your stupid ideas! 我才不接受你那愚蠢的想法！

He was offered a job but he said he’d have none of it. 他有一个工作机会，但他说他不接受。

none but (=nothing but): 只有 (=only) None but the brave deserves

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the fair. 只有英雄才配得上美人。

She chose none but the best. 她只选最好的。 She is nothing but a child. 她只不过是个孩子。

none other than: （表示惊讶）不是别人，正是…… (= no one else but)

It’s none other than Tom! We thought you were in Africa.

none the +比较级词+ for: 毫不，一点也不

He spent 2 weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it. 他在医院里待了两个星期，但一点也没好转。

My car is none the worse for wear. 我的车子一点也没有损耗。

none the wiser: 不知情 If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser.如果我们只拿一小块蛋糕，母亲是不会知道的。

none too: (在形容词或副词前) 不太；一点都不

The service in this restaurant is none too fast. 这家旅馆的服务一点效率都没有。

anything but: ①除---之外什么都（此处的but等于except）②决不(=not at all)

I eat anything but (except) fish. 除了鱼，我什么都吃。

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She is anything but a good cook. 她决不是个好厨师。(即：除了好厨师，她什么都是。)

anything of: ①（疑问句/条件句）一点点；②（否定句）一点也（没有）

Is he anything of a poet? 他有一点点诗人的样子吗？I haven’t seen anything of him lately. 最近我没有见过他。

for anything: (否定句)（给什么都）不，决不 I won’t go there for anything. 我决不去那里。

or anything: （意味着还有其他的可能性）

If Bernard wants to call me or anything, I’ll be here all day.

如果伯纳德要找我或什么的，我整天都会在这儿。

if anything: 若有任何不同的话

If anything, my new job is harder than my old one.

要说有什么不同的话，我的新工作反而比旧工作要难些。

or something: 或什么的（表示说话者不能肯定） She is a stewardess or something. 她是空姐或什么的。

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something like: 有点像，大约 An airship is shaped something like a cigar. 飞船的形状有点像雪茄。

something of a...: 多少有点，有几分像，略懂 he’s something of a book collector. 他有几分像书籍收藏家。

something to / in: （叙述等）有些道理

There’s something to / in what you say; I’ll take your advice. 你说的有些道理，我会接受你的建议

have / be something to do with: 与……有关

I think Guy Fawkes had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.

我想盖佛克跟图谋炸毁桥梁有关。

nothing but (= none but = only): 仅仅，只不过We could see nothing but fog. 除了雾之外我们什么也看不见。

for nothing: ①免费的； ②徒劳的； ③无缘无故的 She got the ticket for nothing. 她免费得到那张票。

All our preparation for nothing! No one’s even come to the party.

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我们为宴会所作的准备都白费了! 连一个人都没来。 They quarreled for nothing. 他们无缘无故地争吵。

make nothing of: (常和can一起用)不理解；不重视,轻视 (= think nothing of)

I could make nothing of the passage. 我不理解这篇文章。

He makes / thinks nothing of working ten hours a day. 他不在乎一天工作十小时。

to say nothing of: 更不用说（= not to mention / without mentioning）

Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.

三个人受了重伤，建筑物的损害更不用说了。

have nothing to do with: 与……无关 I have nothing to do with the accident. 我与这场事故无关。

nothing if not: 格外地；非常地 (= very / much / extremely)

He was nothing if not clever. (= He was very clever.) 他格外聪明。

nothing of: 无……的部分；无……的气质

There was nothing of the lady in her behavior. 她的举止根本没有淑女的气质。

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区别：

all but 几乎，差一点，除……以外其余都是 but for要不是 but that+从句：若不是……

例1：She all but fainted when she heard the news. 译文：她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。

注：此句中a11 but意为nearly，almost。

试对比： All but the little children thought that the trip was exciting．

译文：除了小孩，大家都认为这次旅行是激动人心的。 此句中all but意为a11 except。

例2：But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey. 译文：要不是下雨，我们的旅行本来是愉快的。

例3：He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.

译文：若不是他那时缺钱，他是会帮助我们的。

注1)．but that引导的从句中谓语用陈述语气。2)．but that有灵活的译法。如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap．(那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在怀里。)

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3．“名词+or+名词”结构中or后的名词是同位语，应译为“即……；或者称……”

例1：Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.

译文：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而动用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。

4．“only + to do”意为“……，结果却……”，即表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。

例1: They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only

to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.

译文：他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的票，（如果去了，）结果却可能发现，所演的节目令人失望。 例2: They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.

译文：他们匆匆忙忙赶到那儿，结果却发现会议被取消了。

5．not more / -er than 与 no more / -er than 结构

比较： John is not better than Tom. 与 John is no better than Tom.

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前一句表示“约翰不比汤姆好”，属于普通的比较结构；后一例用了no 情况就不同了。no better than 相当于as bad as，含义是两人一样坏。这里，“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以说是该形容词或副词的反意。 例如： no richer than = as poor as 和……一样穷

no bigger than = as small as 和……一样小 no later than = as early as 和……一样早

同样地： I have not taken more than six courses this semester.

I have taken no more than six courses this semester.

前一句的含义是本学期选的课不多于六门；后一句的含义是只选了六门。强调“少”。

上述结构与表示前后都否定的no more...than (= not...any more than)又有所不同：

例：A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.（鲸和马同样不是鱼。）

另外，在某些结构中，单独使用more than 也能表示否定概念：

例1：That is more than I can tell. 我简直不能说。

例2：My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. 我去北京不仅仅是旅游观光而已。

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6．no more...than... (= not...any more than) 和……—样都不……(表示前后都否定)

例1：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。

例2：There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink．

译文：他们没有理由你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能你喝多少水一样。

例3：More and more Afro-Americans see him as a tricky enemy who has no more love for them than he has for the Congolese．

译文：越来越多的美国黑人认识到他是个诡计多端的敌人。他仇视美国黑人，正像他仇视刚果人民一样。(直译：…，他不爱美国黑人，正像他不爱刚果人一样。)

注释：not...any more than是no more...than的一种强调形式。

例如： 1) Jack is no more intelligent than John. (=Jack is not intelligent any more than John.)

杰克与约翰一样都不聪明。

2) A man can no more fly than a bird can speak. (=A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.)

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人不会飞翔，就像鸟不会说话一样。

3) As a nation, the French are no more eager to 1earn about their wartime failings than are the Japanese. (=As a nation，the French are not eager to learn about their wartime failings any more than are the Japanese.)

作为一个国家，法国正如日本一样不积极地从他们的战争失败中吸取教训。

上述例句表明，no more...than并不表示比较，而是表示比喻，含有比喻意义的比较级用于否定时，than后面的从句不用否定式，但译成汉语时要用否定式。而与上述句型意义相反的是：no less...than，意为：“和……同样是……”。例如： Human is no less an animal than a monkey is. 人和猴都是动物。

而no less than 的意思为：“简直是，实在是”，例如：

1) It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。

2) It is no less than a scandal. 这实在是一件丑闻。

7．not nearly (=by no means，far from) 远不

例1: The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

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译文：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。

注：1) this是指上面提到的“到21世纪初世界人口将增加到60亿或70亿”。2) 又如：There are not nearly enough people here to do the job．(这里的人手远远不够承担这项工作。)

8．“更不用说”的表示法： much less still less

以上两短语引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定，less是由little的比较级，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，可译为“更不用说，更不必

常见看的比较

gaze v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。

She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。

gape v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。

The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。

glance v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。

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He glanced over the letter he had just received.他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。

glare v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。

The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。

glimpse v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。

peer v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。

Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.

因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。

peep v.窥视，偷看。 The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。

stare v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。

I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。

笑的比较

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beam v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为\"微笑\"，是正式用语（书面用词），指人因心情舒畅而发出的笑，指面带喜悦或笑容，即喜形于色地笑。暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。

She beamed with happiness.她高兴得眉开眼笑。

chuckle v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，低声、轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。

She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。

giggle v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。

The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walked intostheir classroom.当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。

jeer v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。

The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.当那个拳手被人时，人群开始嘲笑他。

sneer v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。

He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。

laugh v.最常用词，指因喜悦、愉快或轻视而出声的笑或大笑。

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grin v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。

He grinned at his mother.他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。

smile指面露微笑侧重于无声。较普通的表达，没有真正幸福感，强颜欢笑时也可用这个词。grin一般指比smile更欢畅的笑容，发自内心的高兴。另外grin有时也指露出牙齿充满敌意的笑。比较：

友善的微笑：a friendly smile（常用表达） a friendly grin（常用表达）

两者都用，grin 从心底感到高兴的可能性较大。

假笑、装笑：a plastic smile（常用表达） a plastic grin（错误的英语表达或英美人认为不地道的表达）

grin为自然的笑，所以不能说plastic grin。

狰狞的笑：a frightening smile（错误的英语表达或英美人认为不地道的表达）

a frightening grin（常用表达） grin 有露出牙齿笑之意，而smile 没有，所以不能说a frightening smile。

roar v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。

He roared when he heard the joke.听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。

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guffaw捧腹大笑、大笑、狂笑。

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